1. Chicago’s Notes and Bibliography Formatting and Style Guide
Welcome to “Chicago’s Notes and Bibliography Formatting and Style Guide.” This PowerPoint presentation is designed to introduce your students to the basics of Chicago’s notes and bibliography formatting and style. You might want to supplement the presentation with more detailed information posted on Purdue OWL
Brought to you by the Purdue Online Writing Lab

2. Direct quotations should:
Be integrated into your text in a grammatically correct manner;
Use square brackets ([ ]), when necessary, to add clarifying words, phrases, or punctuation; and
Use “ellipses,” or three spaced periods (. . .), to indicate the omission of words from a quoted passage.
Include additional punctuation when applicable.
The first word in a direct quotation should be capitalized if it begins a sentence, even if it was not capitalized in the original quotation (and vice versa). This can be done “silently” (without demarcation) if it does not affect the meaning of the quoted material; otherwise, indicate the change by placing square brackets around the newly capitalized or lowercased letter.
Use square brackets and ellipses carefully as borrowed material should always reflect the meaning of the original source; therefore, before altering a direct quotation, ask yourself if you might just as easily paraphrase or weave one or more shorter quotations into the text.

3. “We saw The Beetles [sic] on Ed Sullivan.”
Quotations, cont.
“Sic” is italicized and put in square brackets immediately after a word that is misspelled or otherwise wrongly used in the original quotation.
“We saw The Beetles [sic] on Ed Sullivan.”
A colon (formal) or a comma (informal) can be used to introduce a direct quotation.
Lucas has argued: “…”
After several years, “…”
Sic” is usually only necessary when the mistake is more likely to be charged to the transcriptionist than to the author of the original quotation.

4. “The so-called ‘butterfly effect’ is often…”
Quotations, cont.
Quotations within quotations are enclosed in single quotation marks.
“The so-called ‘butterfly effect’ is often…”
When the entire quotation is a quotation within a quotation, only one set of double quotation marks is necessary.
A title is placed in quotes or italicized based on the type of work it is.
Book and periodical titles (titles of larger works) get italicized; article, chapter, and shorter work titles are enclosed in double quotation marks.
Through the Looking Glass vs. “Jabberwocky”
Both in notes and in the bibliography, a title is treated with quotation marks or italics based on the type of work it is.

5. Name + course + date follows several lines later, also centered.
Title Page
Title is centered one-third of the way down the page and written in ALL CAPS.
No page numbers on the title page!
This slide visually presents Chicago format for a title page, which consists of two major sections: title and author information.
Titles should be centered one-third of the way down the page and written in all capital letters. When subtitles apply, end the title line with a colon and follow with the subtitle on the subsequent line (also written in all capital letters). Several lines later, students should include their name, full course information, and a complete “month-day-year” date on separate, single-spaced lines. Instructors may require additional information, and it is also acceptable practice to place the title on the first page of text.
No headers or footers are included on the title page, including any page numbers. Page numbers begin with Arabic numeral 1 flush right in the header, centered in the header, or centered in the footer beginning with the first page of actual text.
Name + course + date follows several lines later, also centered.

6. Number the first text page as page number 1.
Main Body (Text)
Number the first text page as page number 1.
Type all text one and one-half space (no break between sections).
Identify the sources you use in the paper in footnotes and in the bibliography. .
This slide provides the basic reminders about formatting the main body text.
Double-space all text in the paper, with the following exceptions: Single-space block quotations as well as table titles and figure captions. Single-space notes and bibliographies internally, but leave an extra line space externally between note and bibliographic entries.

7. Reference Page
Center the title, “Works Cited,” at the top of the page. Do not bold, italicize or enclose in quotation marks.
Flush left the first line of the entry and indent subsequent lines
Label the first page of your back matter, your comprehensive list of sources cited, “Bibliography.” Two blank lines should be left between “Bibliography” and your first entry. One blank line should be left between remaining entries, which should be listed in letter-by-letter alphabetical order according to the first word in each entry. Sources you consulted but did not directly cite may or may not be included (consult your instructor).
Single-space reference entries internally. Double-space entries externally.
Order entries alphabetically by the authors’ last names.

8. Notes-Bibliography Chicago Style:
Reference Basics
Notes-Bibliography Chicago Style:
Requires footnotes and/or endnotes to cite sources
Chicago Advanced style. See options on Noodletools and select footnote.
When to Cite:
Cite all sources used in your paper in the endnotes.
Cite ideas as well as direct quotes.
Cite all statistics and facts which you found in a source.
Chicago’s Notes and Bibliography style is recommended for those in the humanities and some social sciences. It requires using notes to cite sources and/or to provide relevant commentary. Each source that shows up in the text must have a corresponding entry in the references list at the end of the paper. Updates to Chicago are posted on the Chicago website You may also reference the Purdue OWL:

9. The strategy below might be useful: Identify the type of source:
Compiling the
References List
The strategy below might be useful:
Identify the type of source:
Is it a book? A journal article? A webpage?
2. Find a sample of citing this type of source in your textbook or in the OWL Chicago Guide:
3. “Mirror” the sample.
4. Make sure the entries are listed in alphabetical order and that the subsequent lines are indented (Recall References: Basics).

10. References:
Electronic Sources
DOIs:
For electronic journal articles and other web sources, DOIs (Digital Object Identifiers) are preferred to URLs (Uniform resource Locators).
-If you must use a URL, look for the “stable”
version assigned by the journal.
DOIs are to be prefaced with the letters “doi” and a colon.
EX: DOI: /art
While DOIs are assigned to journal articles in any medium, you only need include a DOI when you accessed the electronic version of the source.
An example of a bibliographic citation with a stable url is as follows:
Ede, Lisa and Andrea A. Lunsford. “Collaboration and Concepts of Authorship.” PMLA 116, no. 2 (March 2001):

11. References: Dates
Access date is required to be reported for electronic sources.
If you cannot ascertain the publication date of a printed work, use the abbreviation “n.d.”
To find the date of publication or last update of a website,
Look for a Last update at the bottom of the page
If using Firefox, right click and select see page info
If neither of these work, scroll down to the bottom of the homepage and look for the copyright date.
Note: Museums, government sites use current year unless they give a specific date.

12. Each time a source is used in the text, it must be cited by a footnote
Notes-Biography Style:
In-text Basics
In-Text Citations:
Each time a source is used in the text, it must be cited by a footnote
Footnotes appear at the foot (bottom) of the page

13. In-Text Basics, cont.
Formatting notes:
Place note numbers at the end of the clause or sentence to which they refer.
Place them after any and all punctuation except the dash.
Begin note numbers with “1” and follow consecutively throughout the paper.
Superscript note numbers in the text. In the notes themselves, note numbers are full sized, not raised, and followed by a period.

14. Subsequent note citations can and should be shortened
In-text Citations: Books
A complete “note” citation for a book, which corresponds to a slightly differently formatted bibliography entry, would look like this:
1. Jodi Dean, Democracy and Other Neoliberal Fantasies: Communicative Capitalism and Left Politics (Durham: Duke University Press, 2009), 30.
Subsequent note citations can and should be shortened
“Shortening” usually comprises the author’s last name and a “keyword” version of the work’s title in four or fewer words.
Subsequent citations of Dean would be shortened to:
2. Dean, Democracy and Other Neoliberal Fantasies, 30.
Noodletools shows both options.
The bibliographic citation for Dean’s work would look as follows:
Dean, Jodi. Democracy and Other Neoliberal Fantasies: Communicative Capitalism and Left Politics. Durham: Duke University Press, 2009.
For additional examples of note and bibliographic citations for a variety of media, please see especially the CMS NB Sample paper,

15. A prose quotation of three or more lines should be “blocked.”
In-text Citations:
Formatting Quotations
A prose quotation of three or more lines should be “blocked.”
The block quotation is singled-spaced and takes no quotation marks, but you should leave an extra line space immediately before and after. Indent the entire quotation .5” (the same as you would the start of a new paragraph).

16. Additional Resources
The Purdue OWL
Purdue Writing HEAV 226
Composition textbooks
The University of Chicago Press’s The Chicago Manual of Style (16th ed.)
Kate L. Turabian’s A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (7th ed.).
Chicago’s website

17. The End Chicago’s Notes and Bibliography Formatting and Style Guide
AUTHOR: Jessica Clements
Brought to you in cooperation with the Purdue Online Writing Lab
Writer and Designer: Jessica Clements
Updating Authors: Ghada M. Gherwash and Joshua M. Paiz, 2014; Arielle McKee, 2014
Based on slide designs from the OWL “APA Formatting and Style Guide” PowerPoint by Jennifer Liethen Kunka, contributed to by Muriel Harris, Karen Bishop, Bryan Kopp, Matthew Mooney, David Neyhart, and Andrew Kunka and revised by Elizabeth Angeli (2011) and Elena Lawrick (2008).