1. PEACE AND PROSPERITY (1945-1960)
CALL TO FREEDOM to the Present
4/18/2018
Chapter 18
PEACE AND PROSPERITY ( )
Section 1: Eisenhower’s Foreign Policy
Section 2: A Prosperous Nation
Section 3: A Changing Culture
Section 4: The Early Civil Rights Movement
Chapter 18

2. OBJECTIVES Section l: Eisenhower’s Foreign Policy
What role did nuclear weapons play in Eisenhower’s foreign policy?
How did the United States fight communism abroad?
What Cold War crises took place during Eisenhower’s presidency?

3. Nuclear Weapons and Eisenhower’s Foreign Policy
Section l: Eisenhower’s Foreign Policy
Nuclear Weapons and Eisenhower’s Foreign Policy
In January 1950 the U.S. tested its first atomic bomb and a year later the Soviet Union tested its own hydrogen bomb.
Both countries were afraid to let the other side gain superiority in nuclear weapons and built more nuclear bombs.
In January 1958 the U.S. launched its first satellite.

4. Nuclear Weapons and Eisenhower’s Foreign Policy
Section l: Eisenhower’s Foreign Policy
(continued)
Nuclear Weapons and Eisenhower’s Foreign Policy
Later in 1958 Congress created the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to carry out research.
Eisenhower and Secretary of State John Foster Dulles create a “New Look” for U.S. foreign policy using massive retaliation – the threat of using nuclear weapons to stop communist aggression – and brinkmanship.

5. Fighting Communism Abroad
Section l: Eisenhower’s Foreign Policy
Fighting Communism Abroad
Eisenhower used covert operations, or secret missions, to gain more foreign policy options carried out by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).
During the Eisenhower administration, the CIA’s size and influence increased greatly.

6. Cold War Crises During the Eisenhower Administration
Section l: Eisenhower’s Foreign Policy
Cold War Crises During the Eisenhower Administration
In 1953 British and U.S. leaders planned Operation Ajax to overthrow Iran’s premier Mohammad Mosaddeq.
The CIA also became involved in the country of Guatemala to overthrow the president who had nationalized the American owned United Fruit Company.

7. Cold War Crises During the Eisenhower Administration
Section l: Eisenhower’s Foreign Policy
(continued)
Cold War Crises During the Eisenhower Administration
In 1953 Nikita Khrushchev became leader of the Soviet Union and in November 1956 he invaded Hungary to stop an uprising. The U.S. remained neutral and the Soviets crushed the revolt.
In 1955 the Suez Crisis occurred when Egyptian leader Gamel Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal which raised the possibility of a third world war.

8. Cold War Crises During the Eisenhower Administration
Section l: Eisenhower’s Foreign Policy
(continued)
Cold War Crises During the Eisenhower Administration
As a result, Eisenhower announced the Eisenhower Doctrine in January 1957.
Eisenhower Doctrine – a promise by Eisenhower to give U.S. aid to any Middle Eastern nation fighting communist aggression

9. OBJECTIVES Section 2: A Prosperous Nation
How did economic prosperity increase under President Eisenhower?
In what ways did new inventions help change American society in the 1950’s?
What was life like in the suburbs during the 1950’s?

10. Economic Prosperity Under Eisenhower
Section 2: A Prosperous Nation
Economic Prosperity Under Eisenhower
The economy boomed in the l950’s and American industry was very strong.
The federal government spent millions of dollars on Cold War defense creating new jobs.
Personal income soared for most Americans and more than 60 percent were a part of the middle class.

11. New Inventions Change America during the 1950’s
Section 2: A Prosperous Nation
New Inventions Change America during the 1950’s
New technology caused factories to use greater automation in production.
This change affected labor unions and took jobs away from industrial workers.
Changes worried the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) who joined together in 1955 to form the AFL-CIO.

12. New Inventions Change America during the 1950’s
Section 2: A Prosperous Nation
New Inventions Change America during the 1950’s
(continued)
Advances in medical technology helped millions of Americans improve their quality of life with devices such as hearing aids.
New technology came out of military research and the government spent millions on research projects for national defense.
Some technologies affected home life such as a nuclear power plant providing electricity to homes and businesses.

13. Life in the Suburbs in the 1950’s
Section 2: A Prosperous Nation
Life in the Suburbs in the 1950’s
Federal programs, including the Highway Act (June 1956) changed the American countryside by building a new national system of interstate highways and allowed people to live in the suburbs.
Homes in the suburbs were inexpensive and neighborhoods had their own parks, schools, and public services.

14. Life in the Suburbs in the 1950’s
Section 2: A Prosperous Nation
Life in the Suburbs in the 1950’s
(continued)
Suburb culture placed a strong emphasis on consumer goods.
Most people that lived in the suburbs were white, middle-class Americans.

15. OBJECTIVES Section 3: A Changing Culture
How did television affect American culture?
What comments did some writers make about American society?
Why did certain films and music appeal to teenagers during the 1950’s?

16. Television Affects Culture
Section 3: A Changing Culture
Television Affects Culture
By 1956 there were 35 million households with a TV set.
Televisions allowed Americans to share the same experiences by watching a single program or event.
By 1955 television advertising became a big business with advertisers spending more than $1 billion a year on commercials.

17. Television Affects Culture
Section 3: A Changing Culture
Television Affects Culture
(continued)
Some of the popular movies in the 1950’s were about young rebels, and as a result Americans tried to copy their behavior.

18. Writers and Comments About American Society
Section 3: A Changing Culture
Writers and Comments About American Society
Some writers of the 1950’s criticized American society as being too focused on conformity.
In his 1952 novel Invisible Man, Ralph Ellison explores a young African American’s search for identity in the postwar world.

19. Writers and Comments About American Society
Section 3: A Changing Culture
(continued)
Writers and Comments About American Society
Beatniks, a group of young writers, used an unusual writing style and rebellious behavior to criticize American life. On the Road, by Jack Kerouac, is an example of this writing style.

20. Teens, Music and Film Section 3: A Changing Culture
Young people rebelled by listening to new kinds of music like bebop and rock ’n’ roll.
Rock ’n’ roll attracted teenagers who wanted to challenge social restrictions.
Some of the more popular movies of the 1950’s were about young rebels who many young people identified with and tried to imitate. For example, James Dean played a troubled middle-class teen in Rebel Without A Cause.

21. OBJECTIVES Section 4: The Early Civil Rights Movement
How did African American World War II veterans influence the early civil rights movement?
What were some of the main events in the struggle for school desegregation? .
Why did the Montgomery Bus Boycott succeed?

22. African American WWII Vets and Civil Rights
Section 4: The Early Civil Rights Movement
African American WWII Vets and Civil Rights
Returning vets focused their efforts on voting discrimination such as fees and literacy tests.
Intense conflict led President Truman to create the Committee on Civil Rights to study racial discrimination and to suggest federal solutions to the problem.

23. African American WWII Vets and Civil Rights
Section 4: The Early Civil Rights Movement
(continued)
African American WWII Vets and Civil Rights
The committee suggested passing new laws to better protect all voters and to end segregation in the armed forces.
In 1948 Truman ended segregation in the military and banned racial discrimination in the hiring of federal employees.

24. Main Events in the Struggle for School Desegregation
Section 4: The Early Civil Rights Movement
Main Events in the Struggle for School Desegregation
In 1938 the Supreme Court ruled that every state had to offer equal educational opportunities for all races.
In 1950 the Supreme Court ruled in Sweatt v. Painter that the University of Texas Law School created for African Americans did not provide equal academic prestige, facilities, or instructors and ordered the university to admit Sweatt to its law school.

25. Main Events in the Struggle for School Desegregation
Section 4: The Early Civil Rights Movement
(continued)
Main Events in the Struggle for School Desegregation
In 1954 the Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education that segregation in public schools was illegal.
In 1955 the Supreme Court ordered all public schools to desegregate “with all deliberate speed.”

26. Success of the Montgomery Bus Boycott
Section 4: The Early Civil Rights Movement
Success of the Montgomery Bus Boycott
About 70 percent of the systems regular passengers refused to use the system due to the boycott.
In November 1956 the Supreme Court ruled that Montgomery’s segregated bus system was illegal.
The victory brought Martin Luther King Jr. to the forefront of the civil rights movement.
The boycott energized the African American community.

27. Emmett Till

33. Timeline of Emmett Till
Emmett Till’s murder in 1955 would come a year after the Brown v. Board of Education decision
Months before 2 African American activists in Mississippi murdered
NAACP Reverend George Lee shot and killed after trying to vote
Lamar Smith shot and killed in front of courthouse after casting vote
Many eyewitnesses, no one arrested
100 days after the death of Emmett Till on December 5, 1955 Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat on a Montgomery, Alabama bus

34. How did this happen? Emmett Till was 14
Emmett Till lived in Chicago but had relatives in Mississippi who he wanted to visit
In 1955 Emmett Till went to visit his relatives in Mississippi
Mother gave him a stern warning before he left, she said, “Be careful. If you have to get down on your knees and bow when a white person goes past, do it willingly.”

35. How did this happen?
Emmett was out front of a local grocery store playing and showed a picture of a white girl from Chicago
Till said that this was his girlfriend
Somebody suggested he go inside and talk to the white women behind the register
Till did and there are conflicting reports about what was said
Supposedly Till as he was leaving said, ‘Bye Baby” and maybe whistled at her

36. What happened
A couple days later Ron Bryant whose wife was the woman behind the register and J.W. Milam his half brother found Emmett Till
They came in the middle of the night and took him from his uncle’s house
Next, Bryant and Milam beat Till to death and shot him in the head
After the two had killed Till they tied him to a cotton gin fan and dumped him into the Tallahatchie River near Money, Mississippi

38. Aftermath
Till was so badly beaten that the only way his uncle could identify him was by an initialed ring he was wearing
One eye was gouged out and his head was crushed in with a bullet hole thru it
Till’s mom, Mamie Till held an open casket funeral so everyone could see what had been done to her son
Thousands of people came and saw the body

39. Trial
Bryant and Milam were arrested and brought to trial for the murder of Emmett Till
Prosecution was having a tough time finding witnesses because at this point in time it was unheard of for an African American to accuse a white of committing a crime
It was not until Till’s uncle Mose Wright stepped to the stand and very bravely and boldly gave his testimony

40. Trial
In his testimony he was asked if he could point out who had taken his nephew that summer night
Wright stood up and pointed at Bryant and Milam and said, “Dar he” “There he is”
After this many more African Americans came to testify against the two men
These witnesses were all hurried out of the state quickly after their testimony

41. Decision Jury consisted of 12 white men
The jury deliberated for only an hour
Returned with the verdict of “not guilty”
Ironically, the verdict delivered on September 23rd, 1955 was the 166th anniversary of the signing of the Bill of Rights
Months after the trial is over Bryant and Milam do an article for Look Magazine in which they confess to the crime

42. Impact of Emmett Till
Helped to unite Northern and Southern African Americans
Membership in the NAACP soared
Till’s murder was a spark that caused a surge in the activism and resistance of the civil rights movement
The picture of Till’s brutalized body pushed many into the fight for civil rights who had been content to sit on the side