1. The Renaissance
Chapters 2

2. What was the Renaissance?
Renaissance = “Rebirth” or “Reawakening”
in European history was a rebirth in art and learning
Great revival of interest in the classical learning and values of ancient Greece and Rome.

3. Why Italy? Center of the Roman Empire
Wealthy cities in the 1300s, they could afford to pay painters, sculptors, architects
Italy was divided into independently run city-states which competed with each other
This competition brought out the Renaissance

4. Renaissance Italy

5. What were the Famous City-States of Italy?
Florence- most famous, produced many artists. The Medici family was Florence’s richest.
Venice- wealthiest. Sailors and shipbuilders. Used canals instead of roads.
Genoa
Milan
Rome

7. The Rise of Italian City-States
No ruler could unite Italy
City-states fought many wars over territory
They became wealthy through trade because of Italy’s location
Were linked to the “east” during the middle ages (Marco Polo), gained many new items
Each was ruled by one powerful man
Niccolo Machiavelli – wrote how a ruler should maintain power – The Prince 1513

9. Machiavelli believed rulers should do whatever it takes to maintain power “It is better to be feared than loved”

10. New Ideas & Art

11. Renaissance Humanism
Humanism – way of understanding the world that believed that the individual and human society were important
Francesco Petrarch- studied Roman writers
Dante Alighieri – poet, wrote the “The Divine Comedy”
Chaucer – wrote “The Canterbury Tales”
Johannes Gutenberg- develop the printing press

12. Renaissance Men Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo Buonarroti
Raphael Sanzio
-Scientist & Artist
-Dissected corpses
-Famous notebooks
-The Last Supper
-Mona Lisa
-Painted, sculpted and designed buildings
-Sistine Chapel ceiling
-The David
-Moses
-Painter
-Frescoes
-The School of Athens

13. Da Vinci

14. The Last Supper

16. Michelangelo

18. Raphael

20. William Shakespeare Renaissance spreads north to England
Writer of tragedies, comedies, and historical plays
Introduced over 1,000 words to the English language
Hamlet, Macbeth, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, and Romeo & Juliet among others!

21. The Reformation Begins
Chapter 3

22. Calls for Church Reform
Reformation – many wanted to “reform” the Catholic church
Many believed the church taxed people too heavily and spent lavishly
Indulgences – sold by the church to reduce a punishment for sin

24. Martin Luther
1517 – challenged the Catholic Church and led a movement known as Protestantism (to Protest)
Believed that only faith = salvation
Ninety Five Theses – arguments against indulgences (Wittenberg)
Excommunicated by Pope
Created his own denomination (branch)

27. Lutheranism Faith in Jesus, not good works brings salvation
The Bible is the final source of truth about god, not priests.
Church is all believers, not just the clergy

28. John Calvin Calvinism – agreed w/ Luther but added some new ideas
God decides everything in advance, including who will go to heaven and hell: Predestination
To prove they were “chosen” people lived good lives and worked hard
Kings couldn’t run the church
Became the Puritans
Believed in theocracy-church led government

30. Catholics & Protestants

31. Counter Reformation
1500s & 1600s Catholic Church set out to defeat Protestantism = Counter – Reformation
Bloody wars were fought until 1648
Pope Paul III formed the Council of Trent to fix the Catholic Church
Jesuits – Society of Jesus, pope’s agents to spread Catholicism
Catholic kings sent missionaries to convert

32. Pope Paul III

33. More Counter Reformation
The Thirty Years’ War-worst religious war of the Reformation
Protestants to the North of Europe, Catholics to the South of Europe
The Spanish Inquisition – Catholic Court used to combat heresy
Executed 2,000 Spaniards
King Henry IV of France a Catholic king allowed French Protestants (Huguenots) to worship

34. France
France
Inquisition

35. Henry IV
Of Spain

36. Henry VIII King of England
Ruled 1509 – 1547
6 wives (2 divorces, 2 beheaded) because he wanted a son
Pope refused his request for annulment, makes like the marriage never happened
1534 The Act of Supremacy declared the king head of the Church of England not the pope
The Anglican Church

38. The Six Wives of Henry VIII

39. Back and Forth in England
Henry’s daughter Mary becomes queen in 1553 and restores Catholicism
Arrested Protestants and had 300 burned at the stake, “Bloody Mary”
After 5 years Mary died, her half-sister takes the throne--Elizabeth
Queen Elizabeth I – restored the Anglican Church and became a great leader

40. Bloody Mary

41. Elizabeth I