1. Transport in animals

2. We’ll explore the structure and functioning of the mammalian heart.
What are we going to learn about today?
We’ll explore the structure and functioning of the mammalian heart.

3. heart blood vessels blood
How do substances move around the body?
The body has its own transport system that carries substances around the body.
Which organs are involved in this system?
heart
blood vessels
blood
The body’s transport system is called the circulatory system.
Why is it given this name?

4. What is carried by the circulatory system?
Which substances are transported to and from the body’s cells by the blood flowing in the circulatory system?
carbon
dioxide
glucose
oxygen
Glucose and Oxygen are needed for respiration and are transported to the body’s cells in the blood.
Carbon dioxide is the waste gas produced by respiration that must be carried away from the body’s cells.

5. At the heart of the circulatory system
The heart is the organ at the centre of the circulatory system. It pumps blood around the body.
How are the two types of blood (oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor) kept apart inside the heart?

6. right side of the heart oxygenated blood left side of the heart
The inside of the heart is divided into two sections so that the two types of blood (oxygenated and deoxygenated) are kept apart .
right side
of the heart
oxygenated
blood
left side
of the heart
deoxygenated blood
Remember that the heart is always labelled as if it is in a body facing you, so the right side of the heart is on the left of the diagram.

7. lungs body’s cells A double circulatory system
During one complete circuit of the body, blood passes through the heart twice and so the circulatory system involves a double circulation.
The right hand side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
The left hand side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body organs.
A double circulatory system
body’s
cells
lungs

8. The heart has four chambers.
The chambers of the heart
The heart has four chambers.
An upper chamber is called an atrium (plural atria).
right
atrium
left
atrium
right
ventricle
left
ventricle
A lower chamber is called a ventricle.

9. The chambers of the heart have different functions.
What do atria and ventricles do?
The chambers of the heart have different functions.
blood to the lungs
blood to
the body
blood from the body
blood from the lungs
The atria collect blood that enters the heart.
The ventricles pump blood out of the heart.

10. The chambers of the heart are separated by valves
Heart valves
The chambers of the heart are separated by valves
which prevent blood from flowing in the wrong direction.
valve leading out of
right ventricle
valve leading out of
left ventricle
valve between
right atrium and right ventricle
valve between
left atrium and left ventricle
There are valves between the atria and the ventricles…
…and there are valves leading out of the ventricles.

11. All the parts of the heart on either side, work together
How does the heart pump blood?
All the parts of the heart on either side, work together
in a repeated sequence.
The two atria contract and relax; then the two ventricles contract and relax.
This is how blood moves through the heart and is pumped to the lungs and
the body.
One complete sequence of contraction and relaxation is called a heartbeat.

12. coronary arteries supply blood to muscle tissue of the heart
The heart needs blood too!
The heart is full of blood but also needs its own blood supply so that the muscle can keep pumping.
coronary arteries supply blood to muscle tissue of the heart
muscle
tissue
The blood vessels on the outside of the heart carry
oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle cells.
Oxygen-poor blood is then carried away from these cells by outer blood vessels and back into the heart.

13. Pulmonary artery
aorta
Semilunar valves
Right atrium
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Vena cava
Bicuspid valves
Tricuspid valves
Right ventricle
Left ventricle

14. Different types of blood vessels
The different blood vessels have different jobs to do in carrying blood around the body.
blood from the heart
blood to the heart
artery
vein
carries blood away from
the heart
carries blood back into
the heart
carries blood to and from the body’s cells
Do all blood vessels carry the same type of blood?

15. Cross-section of an artery
The arteries carry blood at high pressure away from the heart.
Looking at the cross-section of an artery, why is it suitable for carrying blood at high pressure?
thick outer wall
thick inner layer
of muscle and
elastic fibres
narrow central tube

16. Cross-section of a vein
The veins carry blood at low pressure back into the heart.
Looking at the cross-section of a vein, why is it suitable for carrying blood at low pressure?
thin outer wall
thin inner layer
of muscle and
elastic fibres
wide
central tube

17. Blood flow in veins – valves
Veins have valves to prevent backflow of blood.
backflow
prevented
vein valve
open
vein valve
closed
blood to the heart
When blood flows along veins it pushes past
the valves, which can
only open in one direction.
If blood in a vein does flow backwards,
it is trapped by
closed valves.

18. Cross-section of a capillary
The capillaries carry blood to and from the body’s cells.
Looking at the cross-section of
a capillary, why is it suitable for the exchange of substances between the blood and body cells?

20. Type of blood vessel
Function
Features
Arteries
Carry blood away from heart to the body organs
Thick elastic walls to withstand high blood pressure.
Capillaries
Carry blood through tissues and organs to allow the exchange of material
Thin and large surface area for quick easy diffusion of substances
Veins
Carry blood back to the heart from the body organs
Thin muscular walls
Contains valves which prevent the backflow of blood

21. What is blood made of? plasma blood cells
Blood is made up of a liquid called plasma and blood cells that float in this plasma.
If a test tube of blood is left
to stand for a while the blood cells sink to the bottom of the test tube and separate from the plasma which is a clear yellow liquid.
plasma
(55% of
volume)
Liquid plasma transports many substances around the body. It transports digested food, and waste substances like carbon dioxide and urea around the body.
blood cells
(45% of
volume)

22. Different types of blood cells
Blood plasma carries three types of blood cells.
They have different shapes and carry out different functions.
red
blood cell
white
blood cell
platelet

23. Features of a red blood cell
A red blood cell has several features that help it do its job:
It contains haemoglobin,
a special pigment
that combines
with oxygen.
Disc-shaped, with
a dent on each side, creates a large surface area for gas exchange.
It has no nucleus, so there is more space for haemoglobin and so more oxygen.
A large surface area compared to volume,
so oxygen is always close to the surface.

24. + Red blood cells and haemoglobin oxygen oxyhaemoglobin haemoglobin
Haemoglobin is the special pigment in red blood cells.
At the lungs, oxygen diffuses into red blood cells and combines with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin.
oxygen
haemoglobin
oxyhaemoglobin +
This is how red blood cells are able to bind to oxygen and carry it in the blood.
Oxyhaemoglobin makes red blood cells appear bright red.

25. Name of blood component Drawing of component structure
Function of cell component
White blood cells
Defends the body against disease
Red blood cells
Contains red pigment haemoglobin which transports oxygen around the body
Plasma
N/A
Yellow fluid that contains the blood cells, glucose and CO2
Platelets
Clotting blood, forming scabs, stopping bleeding

26. Learning Outcomes
In mammals, nutrients, oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood.
Be able to trace the pathway of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood through heart, lungs and body.
Know heart structures and their functions including right and left atria and ventricles and location of valves and the blood vessels- aorta, vena cava, pulmonary arteries and veins, and coronary arteries.

27. 2.6b The need for transport in animals - circulation
A Restricted responses – 1 mark each
The heart pumps blood round body.
The four chambers of the heart are right and left atria, right and left ventricle. [all 4]
3. a. Vena cava returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
b. Pulmonary artery transports deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs.
c. Pulmonary vein transports oxygenated blood from lungs to heart.
d. Aorta transports oxygenated blood from heart to the body. [all 4]
4. Valves prevent backflow of blood.
5. Coronary artery supplies the cardiac muscle with blood.
6. a. Hepatic artery supplies liver with blood.
b. Renal artery supplies kidneys with blood.
c. Hepatic portal vein transports blood from small intestine to the liver. [all 3]
7. Haemoglobin in red blood cells, carries oxygen. [both]

28. B Extended responses – 2-3 marks each
1. Left ventricle has a thicker muscular wall than the right;
left has to pump blood round the whole body and right ventricle only pumps blood to the lungs. [1 each = 2]
2. a. Arteries carry blood away from the heart to the organs
b. Veins return blood to the heart from the organs
c. Capillaries join arteries to veins [1 each = 3]
3. Red blood cells have no nucleus which gives extra space inside; they are very small with dimples on each side which increases their surface area for gas exchange; they contain haemoglobin which carries oxygen
[1 each = 3]

29. Gas exchange

30. What are we going to learn about today?
Why mammals need transport systems.
The internal structure of the lungs
How rings of cartilage in the trachea stop it from collapsing.
About the self-cleaning mechanism of our lungs.

32. Diffusion and breathing
Breathing involves the exchange of gases in the lungs, a process which occurs by diffusion.
What is the vital gas that
you breathe in?
oxygen
What is the waste gas that
you breathe out?
carbon dioxide
The lungs have a huge surface area to maximize the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with each breath.

33. Diagram of trachea with cartilage rungs.
You can think of the trachea as a tube lined with C-shaped supporting rungs.
These rings are made of a tough material called cartilage. They help to hold the trachea open.
The cartilage rungs are C-shaped and not full circles so that when you breathe in the trachea can also expand and allow in maximum air.

34. The trachea
As well as being adapted on its outer surface, the trachea shows adaptations on its inner lining.
If we look closely at the inner surface of the trachea…
trachea
ciliated epithelial cells

35. Ciliated epithelial cells
The ciliated epithelial cells that line the wall of the trachea show two special adaptations.
Some cells produce a sticky liquid - mucus to trap dirt and germs.
All cells have tiny hairs called cilia which move the mucus and trapped dirt and germs upwards away from the lungs
We say the cells show specialisation.
These specialised cells have a particular job to do.

36. Rings of cartilage
trachea
bronchus
lung
Intercostal muscles
ribs
bronchiole
Air sacs or alveoli
diaphragm

37. Diffusion and breathing
Gas exchange takes place in the alveoli, the tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles. The alveoli increase the surface area for the efficient diffusion of gases.
What are these blood vessels around each alveolus called?

39. Alveoli are adapted for efficient diffusion of gases as they ;
Have a large surface area.
Are thin for quick easy diffusion.
Have a good blood supply for the efficient transport of gases around the body.

40. Structure of Lung
Function
Trachea/windpipe
Passage through which air enters the lungs. Lining produces mucus which traps dirt and germs keeping air passages clean.
Rings of cartilage
Keep trachea open
Bronchi
Branch off the trachea
Bronchioles
Narrow branches off the bronchus
Air sacs
At the end of bronchioles ,have a large surface area for efficient exchange of gases
Blood capillaries
Surround the air sacs so gases can be efficiently exchanged and then transported around the body.
Diaphragm
Muscle involved in breathing.
Intercostal muscles
Muscles between the ribs which are involved in breathing

41. Allows the efficient diffusion of gases.
Feature of air sac
Importance
Large surface area
Allows the efficient diffusion of gases.
Moist
So gases can dissolve in water before they diffuse from the air sac.
Thin walls
For quick easy diffusion.
Rich blood supply
For quick efficient transport of gases throughout the body.

42. Click on the “Passage of air” buttons

43. Click on the “Passage of air” buttons

44. Learning Outcomes Rings of cartilage keep main airways open.
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged through the alveolar walls.
Alveoli have a large surface area, a good blood supply and thin walls for more efficient diffusion of gases.
Mucus traps dirt and microorganisms and cilia move this up and away from the lungs.

46. Transport of food in the Digestive system

47. Extra notes on digestion

49. Animals need food to provide the energy for growth ,repair, chemical reactions, warmth & movement.
The main food groups in the in the human diet are ;carbohydrates,
fats
proteins.

50. Animals need food to provide the energy for growth ,repair, chemical reactions, warmth & movement.
The main food groups in the in the human diet are ;carbohydrates,
fats
proteins.

51. Carbohydrates- provide an instant source of energy.
Fats- provide a long term source of energy and help insulate animals.
Proteins- are required for growth and repair of body tissues.

52. Bread, pasta, cereals, potatoes
Food Group
(Large Insoluble Food Molecule)
Constituent Elements
Basic Unit
(Small Soluble Food Molecule)
Examples of foods
Starch
CHO
glucose
Bread, pasta, cereals, potatoes
Fat
Fatty acids and glycerol
Milk, cheese, butter, oil, meat
Protein
CHON
Amino acids
Fish, eggs, meat

53. Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food particles into small soluble molecules by enzymes.
Digestion is required as only small soluble molecules can pass through the wall of the small intestine and enter the blood.

54. long carbohydrate molecule
Enzymes and carbohydrate digestion
Carbohydrates are chains of identical glucose molecules.
The digestive enzymes break the chemical bonds between the individual sugar molecules in each carbohydrate chain to form glucose.
long carbohydrate molecule
glucose
molecules

55. Enzymes and protein digestion
Proteins are made up of amino acids. There are 20 different types of amino acids.
Proteins are digested by digestive enzymes called proteases. These enzymes work in an acidic environment to break proteins into smaller amino acids.
protease
long
protein molecule
amino acid molecules

56. Enzymes and fat digestion
Fats are digested in two stages:
Firstly, bile (released by the gall bladder) allows the fat to “mix” with water by breaking the fat into smaller droplets. This is called emulsification.
bile
Secondly, the digestive enzyme lipase breaks each fat molecule into the smaller glycerol fatty acid molecules . +
lipase
fat molecule
fatty acids
glycerol

57. Starch and glucose mixture inside the Visking tubing.
Only glucose is small enough to diffuse through the pores in the Visking tubing.

58. Peristalsis
Circular muscle contracts behind food
Circular muscle relaxes in front of food pushing food along the gut.
Peristalsis is the alternate contraction and relaxation of the muscles which results in the movement of food along the digestive system or alimentary canal.

59. Salivary glands
oesophagus
liver
Gall bladder
Stomach
pancreas
Large intestine
Small intestine
rectum

61. Diffusion from the small intestine
Dissolved food molecules diffuse from the small intestine into the blood, moving from higher to lower concentration.
wall of small
intestine
blood entering
villus
blood leaving
inside the
small intestine
diffusion
Fatty acids
& glycerol diffuse
into the lacteal
Glucose & amino
Acids diffuse
into the blood
capillaries

62. Both have a large surface area for quick easy diffusion
Both are thin for
quick easy diffusion
Both have a large surface
area for quick easy
diffusion
Both have a good blood
supply for efficient
transport of substances
around the body.
Both are moist so substances can dissolve before the can diffuse into cells

63. 2.6c The need for transport in animals–gas exchange and nutrient absorption
A Restricted responses – 1 mark each
1. Rings of cartilage keep airways open.
2. Alveoli have a large surface, good blood supply, thin walls for efficient gas exchange. [all 3]
3. Villi are the finger like projections in the small intestine which increase the surface area for absorption.
4. Glucose and amino acids are taken directly into blood in capillaries.
5. Fatty acids and glycerol are taken directly into the lacteal.
6. Glucose and amino acids are carried in the bloodstream to body cells.
7. Fatty acids and glycerol are carried in the lymphatic system.
B Extended responses – 2-3 marks each
1. Mucus traps particles; cilia drive mucus up out of the breathing system [1 each = 2]
2. During peristalsis, circular muscles relax in front of food; circular muscles contract behind the food and push it along [1 each = 2]
3. Alveoli and villi both have large surface area; thin walls; moist walls; good blood supply. [3 = 2, 2/1 = 1]

64. Rat Dissection