1. What is all this fuss about?
“Cells”
What is all this fuss about?
22 Clicker Questions…..
Get Ready!

2. How did cells get their name?
Cell Discovery
How did cells get their name?
Robert Hooke
Made a simple microscope
Looked at a piece of cork under his microscope
Looked like little chambers in a monastery
The monks lived in chambers called cells
Hooke called the chambers in the cork “cells”

3. What is the difference between a hypothesis, theory, and a law?
Scientific Method
What is the difference between a hypothesis, theory, and a law?
Hypothesis: This is an educated guess based upon observation. It is a rational explanation of a single event or phenomenon based upon what is observed, but which has not been proved. Most hypotheses can be supported or refuted by experimentation or continued observation.
Theory: A theory is an explanation of a set of related observations or events based upon proven hypotheses and verified multiple times by detached groups of researchers. One scientist cannot create a theory; he can only create a hypothesis (Example: Theory of Relativity…pertains to gravity, time, & space)
Law: In general, both a scientific theory and a scientific law are accepted to be true by the scientific community as a whole. But law describes a single action where a theory explains an entire group of related phenomena. (Example: Law of Gravity…pertains to gravity alone)

4. Cell Theory All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
Cells are the basic unit of structure and organization of all living organisms.
3. Cells arise only from previous existing cells, with cells passing copies of their genetic material on to their daughter cells.

5. Who gave cells their name?
Clicker Question #1
Who gave cells their name?
Charles Darwin
Robert Hooke
Albert Einstein
Gregory Mendel

6. Which of the following best describes a theory?
Clicker Question #2
Which of the following best describes a theory?
It is an idea
It is a statement based on an observation
It describes a single action in science and is accepted by all scientists
It is a scientifically accepted explanation based on a hypothesis that had been proven by many scientists

7. Clicker Question #3
Which of the following statements is supported by the Cell Theory to identify if an amoeba is composed of a cell?
Amoebas have the ability to split to create another genetically identical amoeba.
Amoebas can move and hunt for food.
Amoebas need oxygen.
Amoebas must eat.

8. Nucleus What is a nucleus?
A distinct central organelle that contains the cell’s genetic information in the form of DNA.
Controls all of the cell’s activities

9. Pro has NO nucleus Basic Cell Types
What are the two basic types of cells?
1. Prokaryotes: Cells do NOT have a nucleus or organelles.
Example: ALL Bacteria…E. coli, Strep, & Salmonella
How to Remember “Trick”…
Pro has NO nucleus

10. Prokaryotes Pro has NO nucleus Has NO Nucleus
Has Nucleoid (like a nucleus…but not a real one)
Has NO organelles
REMEMBER….
Pro has NO nucleus

11. Eu has TRUE nucleus Basic Cell Types
What are the two basic types of cells?
2. Eukaryotes: Cells HAVE a nucleus and organelles.
Examples: Plants, animals, fungus…All other cells
How to Remember “Trick”…
Eu has TRUE nucleus

12. Eukaryotes REMEMBER…. Eu has TRUE nucleus Has a true/real Nucleus
Has many different organelles
REMEMBER….
Eu has TRUE nucleus

13. If a cell has a nucleus, it is considered a(n):
Clicker Question #4
If a cell has a nucleus, it is considered a(n):
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Plant
Animal

14. If a cell does NOT have a nucleus, it is considered a(n):
Clicker Question #5
If a cell does NOT have a nucleus, it is considered a(n):
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Plant
Animal

15. Which of the following is an example of an eukaryote?
Clicker Question #6
Which of the following is an example of an eukaryote?
a Virus
Staphylococcus
a sunflower
HIV

16. Which of the following is an example of a prokaryote?
Clicker Question #7
Which of the following is an example of a prokaryote?
mushrooms
E. coli
an oak tree
humans

17. Cell Organelles Function More Info Location
Cytoskeleton
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes

18. Cytoskeleton
Defined: Supporting network of protein fibers that provide a framework for the cell within the cytoplasm
Function: Aids in cell & organelle movement & support
2 substructures: Mircotubules & Microfilaments

19. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Cell Organelles Function More Info Location
Microfilaments & Microtubules
Supporting network
Cytoskeleton
Plants & Animals
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes

20. Can be found attached to E.R. or free in the cell
Ribosomes
Defined: Simple cell organelle that helps
manufacture proteins.
Function: Synthesize/make proteins
Can be found attached to E.R. or free in the cell
Turn volume down

21. Cell Organelles Function More Info Location
Microfilaments & Microtubules
Supporting network
Cytoskeleton
Plants & Animals
Make proteins
Free & attached
Ribosomes
Plants & Animals
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes

22. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Defined: Highly folded membrane system in eukaryotic cells that is the site for protein and lipid synthesis.
Function: When rough (ribosomes), proteins are made
here & transports

23. Cell Organelles Function More Info Location
Microfilaments & Microtubules
Supporting network
Cytoskeleton
Plants & Animals
Make proteins
Free & attached
Ribosomes
Plants & Animals
Transport system
Rough ER (ribosomes attached)
Smooth ER
(No ribosomes attached)
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Plants & Animals
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes

24. Golgi Apparatus
Defined: Flattened stack of tubular membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins into vesicles and transports them to another organelle or out of the cell.
Function: Modifies and packages proteins

25. Cell Organelles Function More Info Location
Microfilaments & Microtubules
Supporting network
Cytoskeleton
Plants & Animals
Make proteins
Free & attached
Ribosomes
Plants & Animals
Transport system
Rough ER (ribosomes attached)
Smooth ER
(No ribosomes attached)
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Plants & Animals
Modifies & packages proteins
Golgi Apparatus
Create lysosomes
Plants & Animals
Lysosomes

26. Lysosomes
Defined: Vesicle that uses enzymes to digest excess or worn-out cellular substances.
Function: Digests

27. Cell Organelles Function More Info Location
Microfilaments & Microtubules
Supporting network
Cytoskeleton
Plants & Animals
Make proteins
Free & attached
Ribosomes
Plants & Animals
Transport system
Rough ER (ribosomes attached)
Smooth ER
(No ribosomes attached)
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Plants & Animals
Modifies & packages proteins
Golgi Apparatus
Create lysosomes
Plants & Animals
Digests food
& dead organelles
Filled with enzymes
Lysosomes
Plants & Animals

28. This organelle is composed of microfilaments and micotubules:
Clicker Question #8
This organelle is composed of microfilaments and micotubules:
Lysosome
Ribosome
Cytoskeleton
Endoplasmic reticulum

29. This organelle synthesizes proteins:
Clicker Question #9
This organelle synthesizes proteins:
Lysosome
Ribosome
Cytoskeleton
Endoplasmic reticulum

30. This organelle modifies proteins:
Clicker Question #10
This organelle modifies proteins:
Lysosome
Ribosome
Golgi Apparatus
Endoplasmic reticulum

31. This organelle is filled with enzymes for digestion purposes:
Clicker Question #11
This organelle is filled with enzymes for digestion purposes:
Lysosome
Ribosome
Golgi Apparatus
Endoplasmic reticulum

32. Mitochondria
Defined: Membrane-bound organelle that converts fuel into energy that is available to the rest of the cell.
Function: Converts food into energy = Cellular respiration

33. Cell Organelles Function More Info Location
Vacuole
Cilia &
Flagella
Converts food into energy
Cellular Respiration
Powerhouse
Mitochondria
Plants & Animals
Chloroplast
Cell Wall

34. Chloroplast
Defined: Double-membrane organelle that captures light energy & converts it to chemical energy (glucose) through photosynthesis.
Function: Coverts light, H2O, & CO2 into food = Photosynthesis

35. Cell Organelles Function More Info Location
Vacuole
Cilia &
Flagella
Converts food into energy
Cellular Respiration
Powerhouse
Mitochondria
Plants & Animals
Plants ONLY
Makes food from sunlight
Chloroplast
Photosynthesis
Cell Wall

36. Cell Wall Fungi Organism Plants Bacteria Chitin Cellulose
Defined: In plants, the rigid barrier that surrounds the outside of the plasma membrane, is made of cellulose, and provides support & protection to the cell.
Function: In plants, bacteria, & fungi provides support
Organism
Cell Wall is made of:
Plants
Cellulose
Bacteria
Peptidoglycan
Fungi
Chitin

37. Cell Organelles Function More Info Location
Vacuole
Cilia &
Flagella
Converts food into energy
Cellular Respiration
Powerhouse
Mitochondria
Plants & Animals
Plants ONLY
Makes food from sunlight
Chloroplast
Photosynthesis
Supports & protects
NOT found in animals!
Plants
Bacteria
Fungus
Cell Wall

38. Vacuole
Defined: Membrane-bound vesicle for temporary storage of materials such as food, water, enzymes, and wastes.
Function: Storage

39. Cell Organelles Function More Info Location
Vacuole
Cilia &
Flagella
Converts food into energy
Cellular Respiration
Powerhouse
Mitochondria
Plants & Animals
Plants ONLY
Makes food from sunlight
Chloroplast
Photosynthesis
Supports & protects
NOT found in animals!
Plants
Bacteria
Fungus
Cell Wall
Very large in plants
Stores water, food, & waste
Plants & Animals

40. Cilia & Flagella
Cilia: Hair-like projections that functions in cell movement
Flagella: Long tail-like projection with a whip-like motion that helps a cell swim.
Flagella

41. Cell Organelles Function More Info Location
Vacuole
Cilia &
Flagella
Converts food into energy
Cellular Respiration
Powerhouse
Mitochondria
Plants & Animals
Plants ONLY
Makes food from sunlight
Chloroplast
Photosynthesis
Supports & protects
NOT found in animals!
Plants
Bacteria
Fungus
Cell Wall
Very large in plants
Stores water, food, & waste
Plants & Animals
Aids in swimming
Cilia (many hairlike)
Flagella (whip like)
Plants & Animals

42. These are hair-like and aid cells in swimming/locomotion:
Clicker Question #12
These are hair-like and aid cells in swimming/locomotion:
Cilia
Flagella
Flagellum
Tails

43. Photosynthesis occurs here:
Clicker Question #13
Photosynthesis occurs here:
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Cell Wall
Vacuole

44. These two organelles are NOT found in animal cells:
Clicker Question #14
These two organelles are NOT found in animal cells:
Chloroplast & Mitochondria
Cilia & Vacuoles
Cell Wall & Chloroplast
Mitochondria & Vacuoles

45. Clicker Question #15
These are very large in plants and provides support when filled with water:
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Cell Wall
Vacuole

46. Which of the following has a cell wall?
Clicker Question #16
Which of the following has a cell wall?
Mushroom
Sunflower
E. coli
All of the above

47. Endosymbiotic Theory
Endosymbiotic Theory proposes that eukaryotic cells arose from living communities formed by prokaryotic organisms.
Endo- means inside
-symbiotic means relationship

48. Endosymbiotic Theory Prokaryotes entered ancestral eukaryotes
Prokaryotes did NOT act as a parasite by infecting
the host (eukaryote)
Eukaryotes did NOT digest the prokaryotes
Instead, the smaller prokaryotes began LIVING
inside the larger cell – giving rise to eukaryotes

50. Click Here For Animation Tutorial
Endosymbiotic Theory
1st - Mitochondria & Chloroplasts have DNA similar to bacterial DNA.
2nd – Mitochondria & Chloroplasts have ribosomes whose size & structure resembles those of bacteria.
3rd – Like bacteria, Mitochondria & Chloroplasts reproduce by binary fission when the cells containing them divide by mitosis.
Click Here For Animation Tutorial

51. Which of the following summarizes the Endosymbiotic Theory?
Clicker Question #17
Which of the following summarizes the Endosymbiotic Theory?
Mitochondria & chloroplasts in eukaryotes were once prokaryotes
Ribosomes & lysosomes in eukaryotes were once prokaryotes
Mitochondria & chloroplasts are now found inside prokaryotes
None of the above

52. Which of the following are true?
Clicker Question #18
Which of the following are true?
Mitochondria has DNA similar to prokaryotes
Ribosomes in eukaryotes are similar to prokaryotes
When mitochondria create more of themselves, they divide similar to how prokaryotes divide
All of the above

53. Viruses
Virus comes from the Latin word for “poison”
Virus are particles of nucleic acid, protein, and in some cases lipids that can reproduce only by infecting living cells.
Viruses are so small that they can only be seen using an electron microscope.
Flu Virus
Ebola Virus
AIDS Virus
Bacteriaphage

54. Viruses Viruses have NO organelles!
A typical virus is composed of a core of either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat.
Common Cold Virus
Small Pox Virus
Polio Virus
Herpes Virus

55. Viruses A virus’s outer protein coat is called its capsid.
A capsid is an outer protein coat that enables a virus to enter a host cell.
The capsid binds to the surface of a cell and “tricks” the cell into allowing it inside.

56. Viruses Once inside the cell, the viral genes take over.
The cell transcribes (reads and copies) the viral genes, putting the genetic program of the virus into effect.
And often times the virus destroys the host cell

57. Click here to compare size!
Viruses
Vaccine: A preparation of a weakened or killed pathogen, upon injection, stimulates antibody production or cellular immunity against the pathogen but is incapable of causing severe infection (sickness).
A world wide vaccination program was able to eliminate smallpox!
Antibiotics NEVER cure viral infections!!...ONLY Bacteria
Click here to compare size!
Small pox

58. Viruses Video

59. Compare & Contrast Cells & Viruses
Bacteria
(cells)
Both
Must have host to reproduce
Reproduces on their own
DNA or RNA
Has organelles
Has NO organelles
Cause disease
Large in size
Extremely small in size
Cell wall for protection
Capsid for protection
Can be cured with antibiotic
Does not respond to antibiotic

60. Which of the following statements is true about viruses?
Clicker Question #19
Which of the following statements is true about viruses?
Viruses do not have DNA
Viruses must have a host to reproduce
Antibiotics kill viruses
Viruses have organelles

61. Which of the following is the smallest?
Clicker Question #20
Which of the following is the smallest?
White blood cell
Pollen
Bacteria
Virus

62. Which of the following do viruses NOT have?
Clicker Question #21
Which of the following do viruses NOT have?
Organelles
Capsid
Genetic material
They have all of the above

63. DNA is located here: Clicker Question #22 Chloroplast Nucleus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles

64. The End

65. Answers
1. B 6. C 11. A 16. D
2. D 7. B 12. A 17. A
3. A 8. C 13. C 18. D
4. B 9. B 14. D 19. B
5. A 10. C 15. B 20. D
21. A
22. B