1. The Cell

2. Cells are the basic unit of life!

3. Viewed cork samples and observed hollow boxes which he called cells.
Robert Hooke
Viewed cork samples and observed
hollow boxes which he called cells.

4. Anton von Leeuwenhoek
First to describe microorganisms as seen through a simple microscope

5. Matthais Schleiden - Botanist
All plants are made of cells.

6. Theodor Schwann - Physiologist
All animals are made of cells.

7. The studies of Schleiden and Schwann, along with others, led to the development of the cell theory.

9. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.

10. The cell is the basic unit of organization for organisms.

11. All cells come from pre-existing cells.
(Cell reproduction
makes exact copies
of existing cells.)

12. Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
Basic Cell Types
Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
Pro = Before
Eu = True
Kary = Nucleus; Kernel

13. Prokaryote Lacks internal structures surrounded by membranes
Lacks a true nucleus
DNA is contained in the nucleoid
Most are single celled organisms.

14. Eukaryote Has membrane bound structures Has a true nucleus
Allows cell parts to specialize in particular function

15. Eukaryote Can be unicellular or multi-cellular
The membrane bound structures are called organelles
Allows different chemical reactions to take place within the cell
Eukaryotic plant cell

16. Bacteria & Viruses

17. Bacteria B. Divided into 2 kingdoms Eubacteria
A. Prokaryotic organisms
B. Divided into 2 kingdoms
Eubacteria
Very diverse; live almost anywhere
Surrounded by a cell wall
Archaebacteria
Live in harsh conditions
Possible ancestor to eukaryotes

18. Identified by specific characteristics Shape
Rod: bacilli
Round/spherical: cocci
Spiral: spirrilla
Cell Wall (thick or thin)
3. Movement
Sessile
Flagella
Snake or spiral forward
Glide along a slime-like material

19. D. Metabolic Processes Mostly heterotrophs Some autotroughs
All need energy
E. Growth and reproduction
Binary Fission
Conjugation
Spore formation

20. F. Purpose: Vital to the maintenance of the living world
Environment
Decomposers
Nitrogen fixers
Human uses
Food production
Industrial Uses
Genetic Engineering
Produce vitamins within our bodies

21. Viruses Characteristics
Considered abiotic; does not have all the characteristics of life
2. Composed of a core of DNA or a RNA
surrounded by a protein coat (capsid)
3. The capsid enable the virus to enter the
host cell
4. Highly specific to the type of cell they
infect

22. B. Need host cell to reproduce; parasitic
C. May have evolved from the genetic material from living cells; viruses continue to evolve and adapt to their changing environment

23. Cellular Structure and Function

24. Boundary Organelles

25. Plasma Membrane Location: Surrounds the cell
Function: boundary between cell and environment
Controls what goes into and out of the cell.
* Also called: cell membrane or phospholipid bilayer

26. Cell Wall Location: surrounds the plasma membrane in plant cells
Function: support
Inflexible barrier

27. Nuclear Envelope (membrane)
Location: surround the nucleus
Function: controls what goes into and out of the nucleus
* The nuclear membrane is 4 layers thick

28. Control Organelles

29. Nucleus (largest organelle)
Location: center of the cell
Function: manage cell functions

30. Chromatin/Chromosomes
Location: in the nucleus
Function: form chromosomes during cell reproduction
* Formed from DNA

31. DNA Location: in the nucleus, on the chromosomes
Function: carries the codes for protein synthesis; carries genetic information

32. Assembly, Transport and Storage Organelles

33. Cytoplasm/Cytosol
Location: from the nuclear envelope to the cell membrane, surrounding the organelles
Function: a clear, jelly-like fluid that holds the organelles in place

34. Nucleolus
Location: in the nucleus
Function: produce ribosomes

35. * Not surrounded by membranes *
Ribosomes
Location: nucleolus, endoplasmic reticulum, cytoplasm
Function: assembles enzymes and proteins for protein synthesis
* Not surrounded by membranes *

36. Endoplasmic Reticulum (smooth/rough)
Location: within the cytoplasm
Function: site of lipid & protein synthesis
Cell’s delivery system; network of canals

37. Rough ER - studded with ribosomes
Attached to nuclear membrane
site of protein synthesis and processing
Smooth ER - lacks ribosomes
site of synthesis of phospholipids and the packaging of proteins into vesicles

38. Golgi Apparatus Location: within the cytoplasm
Function: Receives and distributes the new proteins and lipids from the ER and distributes substances from the vesicles

39. Vacuole Location: within the cytoplasm
Function: temporary storage of material (food, water, waste, enzymes)
One large vacuole in plants
Many small vacuoles in animals

40. Lysosomes Location: within the cytoplasm (animals only)
Function: digests worn out or extra cell parts, food, virus/bacteria

41. Energy Transformers

42. Mitochondria “power house”
Location: within cytoplasm
Function: breaks down food to release energy;
cellular respiration

43. Chloroplasts Chloroplast structure includes
Location: Within the cytoplasm
Function: Change light energy into usable chemical energy
Chloroplasts are larger and more complex than mitochondria
Contain green pigment called chlorophyll that absorbs sunlight in the first step of photosynthesis
Found ONLY in PLANTS
Chloroplast structure includes
Thylakoids, membranous sacs,
stacked to form a granum
Stroma, the internal fluid

44. Chlorophyll: green pigment that gives plants their color and traps light energy Belongs to a group of plant organelles called plastids which are used for storage. They store starches (carbohydrates), lipids and pigments

45. Support and Locomotion Organelles

46. Cytoskeleton Location: Within the cytoplasm
Function: provides support for organelles

47. Composed of microtubules and microfilaments Microtubules: thin, hollow cylinders made of proteins Microfilaments: solid protein fibers Intermediate filaments: have a diameter between microtubules and microfilaments

48. Centrioles Location: Within the cytoplasm
Function: Aids in cellular reproduction
Found only in animal cells
Small clusters of microtubules; found in pairs

49. Cilia Location: outside of the cell Function: move the cell
* tiny, hair-like projections

50. Flagella Location: outside the cell Function: move the cell
*Tail-like structure