1. Endocrine System
January 19, 2017

2. excess growth hormone during childhood
Endocrine Disorders
Gigantism
excess growth hormone during childhood

3. excess growth hormone after closure of epiphiseal plates
Endocrine Disorders
Andre the giant – “Jaws” of James Bond
Lurch of original Addams Family
Acromegaly
excess growth hormone after closure of epiphiseal plates

4. Endocrine Disorders Growth Hormone Deficiency (pituitary dwarfism)
12 lb, 11 inch 15 year-old girl, with her classmates
Pituitary dwarfs have normal proportions – other kinds have different proportions
Growth Hormone Deficiency (pituitary dwarfism)
underproduction of growth hormone as a child

5. excess thyroid hormones
Endocrine Disorders
George & Barbara Bush had Grave’s
Signs – rapid heart beat, trembling, weight loss
Protruding eyeballs (due to swollen muscles) shown here but occur in small number
Grave’s Disease
excess thyroid hormones

6. underproduction of thyroid hormones
Endocrine Disorders
Fatigue, slow heart rate, weight gain, sensitivity to cold, dry skin and hair
Hypothyroidism
underproduction of thyroid hormones

7. Endocrine Disorders Cushing’s Syndrome– excessive cortisol
Round face, fat on upper neck, yet relatively skinny arms and legs
Weight gain, fatigue,
Easily bruised skin, stretch marks, excess hair growth, diminished fertility
Cortisol promote cell metabolism, reduce inflammation, inhibit pain response, - stress-
diabetes, osteoporosis
Cushing’s Syndrome–
excessive cortisol

8. underproduction of cortisol
Endocrine Disorders
JFK and Jane Austen had Addison’s –
identical twins. Note the hyperpigmentation and lean body of affected twin
Electrolyte imbalance  weak muscles and possibility of shock
Reduced ability to cope with stress and disease
Addison’s Disease–
underproduction of cortisol

9. Endocrine System Controls and regulates the body through hormones
Hormones are chemical messengers that travel through the blood to one or more target organs
Major processes regulated include
Growth
Reproduction
Stress response
Water / nutrient / electrolyte balance
Metabolism

10. Hormones
Are produced by a gland travel through bloodstream bind to /enter cells of target organ(s) change cell function of target organ(s)

11. Hormones How do hormones change target cells?
Change membrane permeability / electrical state
Promote synthesis of certain proteins
Activate or inactivate enzymes
Stimulate mitosis (cell division)

12. Major Types of Hormones
1. Steroids
Diffuse across cell membrane and nuclear membrane (lipid-soluble!)
Bind to a receptor protein in nucleus
Receptor – steroid complex increases transcription of certain genes, resulting in the production of certain proteins
Examples: sex hormones, corticosteroids

13. Major Types of Hormones
2. Amino-acid based (amines, peptides, and proteins)
Bind to a receptor protein on cell membrane
Receptor starts a series of events that produce a specific change in the function of the cell
Examples: insulin, oxytocin, GH, melatonin, calcitonin, etc.
Non-steroidal hormones always use second messenger molecules – molecules that are produced within the target cell as a result of the binding of the hormone with the receptor

14. Quick Review 1. What are the two types of hormones, and what is the
major difference between them?
steroids – can cross cell membrane, bind to receptor inside nucleus
nonsteroidal (amino-acid based) – cannot cross cell membrane, bind to receptor on cell membrane
2. Which type of hormone produces second messenger
molecules?
Nonsteroidal (amino-acid based) produce second messenger molecules. After binding to a receptor on the cell membrane, an enzyme catalyzes the production of the second messenger, which in turn, brings about the cellular changes.

15. Quick Review Wait a minute, then show with fingers
Which of the following is NOT one of the major processes controlled by hormones?
a. Body coordination
b. Growth and development
c. Electrolyte balance
d. Cellular metabolism

16. Quick Review Wait a minute, then show with fingers
Which of the following is NOT a typical effect of hormones on target cells?
a. Mitosis is stimulated
b. Enzymes are activated
c. Proteins are synthesized
d. Cellular mutations develop

17. Control of Hormone Release
Hormones regulate body functions by producing specific effects in target cells. Disorders can develop if too much or too little hormone is secreted.
How does the body determine when/how much hormones to
release?
The release of nearly all hormones occurs as part of negative feedback mechanisms.

18. Review: Compare and Contrast Negative and Positive Feedback Mechanisms
Negative feedback mechanisms maintain the levels of a variable (e.g. body temperature) within a narrow range.  The output acts to change the direction of the stimulus.  Example: Body temperature regulation Positive feedback mechanisms dramatically increase a variable (e.g. contractions) until a certain endpoint (e.g. childbirth) is reached.  The output acts to increase the stimulus  Example: labor contractions

19. Example: Blood Sugar Regulation

20. Example: Blood Calcium Regulation

21. Stimulus of Hormone Release
Even when glands are part of a negative feedback loop, there must be some stimulus that triggers the release of hormones.
What was stimulus in the previous two examples?
Blood sugar level and calcium level. Non-hormonal chemicals like these are called humoral stimuli.
There are three basic types of stimuli that cause the release of hormones.
Humoral stimuli (non-hormone chemicals in the blood and body fluids)
2. ??
3. ??
Often there is just one stimulus that a gland responds to. Occasionally there are multiple stimuli (ex: release of aldosterol by adrenal glands)

22. Stimulus of Hormone Release
Even when glands are part of a negative feedback loop, there must be some stimulus that triggers the release of hormones.
What was stimulus in the previous two examples?
Blood sugar level and calcium level. Non-hormonal chemicals like these are called humoral stimuli.
There are three basic types of stimuli that cause the release of hormones.
Humoral stimuli (non-hormone chemicals in the blood and body fluids)
Hormonal stimuli (other hormones – e.g. TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL)
Neuronal stimuli (e.g.
release of ep. /
nor-ep by adrenals)
Often glands respond to multiple stimuli (Ex: release of aldosterol by adrenal glands)

23. Example of Multiple Stimuli: Aldosterone release

24. Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes is a disorder characterized by abnormally
high levels of blood sugar (hypoglycemia)
Facts
347 million people world-wide have diabetes.
7th leading cause of death in the US
Leading cause of kidney failure, non-traumatic limb amputation, and adult-onset blindness in US
Major contributor to heart attack and stroke

25. Major Types of Diabetes
Type I (juvenile-onset)
Occurs when the immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas, which means that little to no insulin can be produced
Genetic risk factors and environmental triggers
~5% of cases
Type II (adult-onset)
Too little insulin is produced and/or cells become insulin-resistant
Obesity and inactivity are major risk factors, but genetics also play a role
~90% of cases
Gestational diabetes occurs in ~5% of pregnant women. Disease usually disappears when pregnancy is over.

26. Symptoms of Diabetes Symptoms develop more
rapidly and are more severe for Type I diabetes.
Additional symptoms found with Type 1 diabetes include:
Acetone smell to breath
Lethargy
Deep, labored breathing

27. Complications of Diabetes
Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) damages blood vessels and nerves, leading to the major complications listed below.
Note: it’s the high blood sugar that causes the damage. The better blood sugar is controlled, the less complications will arise.

28. Treatment of Diabetes Type I diabetes Type II diabetes
Healthy diet and exercise
Blood glucose monitoring (multiple times a day)
Insulin injections (multiple times a day) or pump
Type II diabetes
Weight loss
Blood glucose monitoring
Medicines to increase the body’s production of insulin
Medicines to combat insulin resistance and help glucose enter cells
Insulin injections
Many new treatments in the development stage, including
Pancreas transplants
Stem cells
More convenient glucose monitoring and insulin delivery

29. Closure What were our objectives, and what did you learn about them?
What was our learner profile trait and how did we exemplify it?
How does what we did today address our unit question?

30. Game! Round 1: Bet on 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 On your mark … Round 2:
Bet on blue, yellow, gray, green, or red.
Ready, set, go!