1. Renaissance and Reformation
Unit 6
Renaissance and Reformation

2. Big Ideas
The European Renaissance led to significant advancements in scientific, economic and artistic forms, including the invention of the printing press, which enabled the spread of new ideas. 
During the European Renaissance, the Mediterranean power base shifted from the Middle East to Europe. 
The power of the Roman Catholic Church in Europe declined, leading to the rise of the Protestant Reformation.

3. Essential Questions
Analyze the connection between humanism and the Renaissance.
Compare and contrast the early Renaissance in Italy to the later Renaissance in the rest of Europe.
How did the printing press contribute to the spread of ideas that led to the Renaissance and the Reformation?
How did the Mediterranean power base change from Middle Eastern to European control during the Renaissance?
What caused the Protestant Reformation and what were the results of it?

4. IMPORTANT TURNING POINTS
Ottoman Empire
Rise and the capture of Constantinople
Changing of Constantinople's name to Istanbul
Political and cultural accomplishments under Suleiman I's rule 
Conquest of Mecca, Medina, and Cairo

5. IMPORTANT TURNING POINTS
Renaissance and Reformation
Humanism = a shift in the Renaissance from a religious focus to a focus on the individual spirit
Greco Roman classics/ learning
Flowering and patronage of the Arts
Breakup of the power of the Catholic Church
Protestant religions: Lutheran, Baptist, Methodist, Presbyterian, Anglican, Calvinist 

6. THE POLITICAL, INTELLECTUAL, ARTISTIC, ECONOMIC, AND RELIGIOUS IMPACT OF THE RENAISSANCE
Exploration of the Americas leads to the establishment of colonies and new markets for Spain, Portugal, France, England, and the Netherlands.
Creation of powerful new nation-states in Western Europe
Intellectual
Humanism focuses on the potential of humans and achievements through the study of the classics.
Popular classical subjects are revived and called the humanities: history, literature, and philosophy.
Secularism = places less emphasis on religion and has a more worldly view
Gutenberg's invention of the printing press spreads new ideas.

7. THE POLITICAL, INTELLECTUAL, ARTISTIC, ECONOMIC, AND RELIGIOUS IMPACT OF THE RENAISSANCE
New techniques in perspective makes art and sculptures more 3-D than Medieval art.
Donatello's Statue of David
Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, anatomical sketches of the human form, and diagrams of new inventions
Michelangelo's architecture: St. Peter's Basilica, Sistine Chapel Ceiling, Sculptures of David and The Pieta
Raphael -  Realism in series of Madonna paintings; School of Athens painting connected with the classics; wrote literature in local vernacular instead of in Latin

8. THE POLITICAL, INTELLECTUAL, ARTISTIC, ECONOMIC, AND RELIGIOUS IMPACT OF THE RENAISSANCE
Merchant class gained power and wealth through banking and trade.
Merchants dominated Italian city-states and controlled local politicians through large money loans.
The Medicis controlled Florence.
Nations established colonies worldwide, Mercantilism began to develop.
Religious
Erasmus and Sir Thomas More try to improve human society through humanism.
Corruption in the Catholic Church:  simony, indulgence sales, and worldly lifestyles

9. THE POLITICAL, INTELLECTUAL, ARTISTIC, ECONOMIC, AND THE RELIGIOUS IMPACT OF THE REFORMATION
Europe is politically divided along religious lines; nations split themselves between Catholic or Protestant lines.
Spain and France are Catholic, while England is Protestant.
Holy Roman Empire mainly Catholic, but some of the northern principalities are Protestant under the Peace of Augsburg
The Holy Roman Empire is weakened and struggles to keep its power.
The Act of Supremacy made Henry VIII the head of the protestant Anglican Church and led to a civil war in England when the state's powers began to override the church's powers.

10. THE POLITICAL, INTELLECTUAL, ARTISTIC, ECONOMIC, AND THE RELIGIOUS IMPACT OF THE REFORMATION
Lutheranism offered educational opportunities for both sexes.
The printing press disseminated religious ideas throughout Europe.
Individualism increased.
Artistic
Protestant ideas were reflected in Northern European art.
Protestants emphasized their personal relationship with God which was reflected in the scenes of commoners and their daily lives.
Fewer iconic images of Christ or the saints and clergy
Preferred Bible narrations or modern moralistic description of modern-day life.

11. THE POLITICAL, INTELLECTUAL, ARTISTIC, ECONOMIC, AND THE RELIGIOUS IMPACT OF THE REFORMATION
Growth of economic powers for the middle class
New capitalistic economic model began to develop
Religious
The different conflicts in Europe shattered European unity and the ideas of Christianity.
The Catholic Church responded to the Protestant Reformation with the Catholic Counter Reformation.
Ordinary people began reading the Bible, thanks to vernacular translations of it.
The Spanish Inquisition led to the persecution of perceived heretics in both Catholic and Protestant churches.
Books were banned that were perceived to be heretical.

12. THE IMPACT OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE ON EASTERN EUROPEAN AND GLOBAL TRADE
1453: the conquest of Constantinople;  renamed Istanbul
1525:  Suleiman's advances into Hungary and Austria
1529:  expansion stopped at the Siege of Vienna
Global trade
Caravanserai (network of roadside inns)
Guaranteed traveling merchants and envoys safety as they traded across the Persian Gulf, Mediterranean, Aegean, Black, and Red Seas for spices, wheat, and lumber.