1. The Struggle for Survival and Sovereignty
The Modern World Develops

2. The Modern State
The 17th century saw the development of two different models of government.
England – Constitutionalism
France - Absolutism

3. Political Development
Many differences in the two models of political development:
Religious factors affected the political destinies of England and France
Major institutional differences between the two monarchies
Personalities of the rulers also played a significant role

4. Absolute France Rise of King Louis XIV in 1643
“one king, one law, one faith”
Made the monarchy the most important and powerful political institution.
Used the system to his advantage.

5. Predecessors Henry IV curtailed the privileges of the nobility.
In 1610, Louis XIII developed the role of the intendant.
The role of Cardinal Richelieu

6. Richelieu: 1585-1642 Master of politics and diplomacy
Played both sides of the fence
Used the arts and printing press to define the raison d’etat

7. The Sun King Rises
Louis XIV became monarch in 1643, but he was only FIVE.
Cardinal Mazarin was his chief advisor and ruled the government.
: Paris Parlement revolted and took over the government.
Louis XIV began his career.
Symbolically he was 14 years old.

8. “L’etat, c’est moi” Louis XIV had two successful strategies.
First, he used propaganda to create a political image.
Second, he gained the favor of the French nobles

9. Rigaud’s Portrait

10. King By Divine Right
The Divine right of Kings - cited examples from the Old Testament
Only God could judge the King
Louis had help from Bishop Bossuet who was a master of Canon and French Law.

11. Smoke and Mirrors
Louis XIV continued his propaganda by moving the royal court to Versailles in 1682.
Chose the royal emblem of the “sun” as it was associated with Apollo the god of peace and arts.

22. Religious Policies
Louis XIV upheld the doctrines of the Council of Trent
Suppressed the Jansenists and the French Huguenots.
Appealed to the Jesuit Rule.
1685 – Revokes the Edict of Nantes

23. Absolute Unity
Louis XIV’s unification of France led to a strong military.
Secured international boundaries for France.
The Great War Machine: Colbert, Louvois, and Vauban.

24. Ministers of Defense Jean-Baptiste Colbert: 1619-1683
- Economic genius, he enhanced the mercantile system and increased taxes
Marquis of Louvois and Sebastien Vauban
- Perfected the French Military, both in strength and tactics.

25. The Early Wars
The War of Devolution Louis held claim to Spanish Belgian
Treaty of the Pyrenees 1659
Legally the property ‘devolved’ to his wife
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 1669
Invasion of the Netherlands Louis wanted control of the trading routes.
Peace of Nijmwegen 1679

26. Charles II of Spain
Son of Philip IV through his 2nd marriage.
“Sufferer” because of ailments
Cause of two of Louis XIV’s wars.

27. The Later Wars
League of Augsburg & the Nine Years’ War – Conquered Alsace
Treaty of Ryswick 1697
War of Spanish Succession - Long and drawn out war that weighed heavily on the French military.
Treaty of Utrecht 1713
Treaty of Rastatt 1714

28. On the Road to Constitutionalism
In 1603, Elizabeth I dies with no heir
James I of Scotland succeeds as the next English Monarch.
Puritan Movement in England

29. James I 1566-1625 Stuart Family Favored Absolutism
Parliament too strong

30. The “Divine” Right James believed in an Absolute Monarchy.
Anglican Episcopacy
Avoid Parliament through impositions

31. Take Heed 1604 – Millenary Petition at Hampton Court
“No Bishops … No King!!!”
Found issues with both the Puritans and the Catholics.
Gunpowder Plot of 1605

32. Gunpowder Plot 1605

35. Absolute Concessions
1611 – Issued the King James Bible to ease the tensions with the Puritans
1618 – Supported Bohemian Calvinists against the Catholic adversaries.
1618 – “Popular Recreation on Sunday”
1620 – Pilgrims sail to America
1624 – War with Spain

36. Charles I 1625-1649 Married to a Catholic French Princess Levied Taxes
Enforced new laws

37. Conflict and War In 1629, Charles sent Parliament prorogued.
Fear of Popery among Parliament
In 1640, Scotland rebelled against Charles’ religious policies.
He calls Parliament to raise funds, but his efforts were to no avail.

38. The Long Parliament
John Pym headed Parliament in the first phase.
During this time, Parliament moved to establish constitutionalism.
Parliament was uncooperative with Charles I.
Abolished tax and religious laws.

39. Eruption of Civil War
In 1641, Parliament issued Charles the “grand remonstrance”
In 1642, Charles storms Parliament and attempts to capture John Pym
Charles withdrew to Nottingham and raises an army.

40. The Civil War: 1642-1646 Fought over two main issues:
1. Government/Politics
2. Religion
England divided …. those who supported Parliament (Roundheads) and those who supported the King (Cavaliers).

41. The New Model 1644 – Battle of Marston Moor 1645 – Battle of Naseby
Oliver Cromwell established Puritan dominance
New Model Army

42. The End of the War
Parliamentarians gain the upper hand by 1645, for two reasons:
- alliance with Scotland
- Oliver Cromwell
By 1648, Cromwell had defeated Charles, but… Pride’s Purge would seal his fate.
- Rump Parliament

43. Charles Beheaded on January 30, 1649

44. Oliver Cromwell Military Genius, but not a political one.
Establishes the Puritan Republic
Lord Protector of England
Died 1658

45. The Restoration Charles II: 1660-85
In 1660, Parliament allowed for the restoration of the throne.
Held secret Catholic sympathies.

46. Renewed Rights Charles II maintained a policy of religious toleration.
Religious tolerance for Catholics & Puritans to worship freely.
Clarendon Code - Parliament
- Book of Common Prayer
- Thirty Nine Articles

47. Religious Tension Revisited
Charles attempted to rejoin the Catholic faith… but found problems
1670: Treaty of Dover
1672: Declaration of Indulgence
Parliament responded with the Test Act.
oath against transubstantiation

48. Popish Plot
In 1678, Titus Oates swore that Charles’ wife was plotting with Jesuits and Irishmen to kill Charles.
Parliament believed Oates, despite his track of lying.
Charles II dies in 1685 and his brother James becomes king.

49. James II:1685-88 Ardent Catholic Tried to repeal the Test Act
Tolerance reinstated
Forced out of England

50. William & Mary

51. Glorious Revolution
In 1688, Parliament chased James II out of England.
Parliament declared throne vacant and proclaimed Wm. & Mary as the new monarchs in 1689
The Bill of Rights Constitutionalism Established.

52. The Settlement The Act of Toleration – 1689 The Mutiny Act – 1689
The Act of Settlement – 1701
The Act of Union

53. Social Contract Theory
A government is legitimate if people would voluntarily submit to its authority
Central idea: government (and its authority) are rational
Thomas Hobbes ( )
John Locke ( )

54. Thomas Hobbes
Life in the state of nature would be “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short”
What is the basis for the Hobbesian State of Nature?
“Fear and I were born twins!”

55. Hobbes’s Social Contract
You would give up
Liberty
To gain
Security

57. John Locke Rationality justifies government
But also limits its authority

58. Natural Rights and Freedom
Equality of power and jurisdiction
Liberty, not license
Law of nature: no one ought to harm another is his life, health, liberty, or possessions

59. Locke’s State of Nature
You have natural rights in the state of nature:
Rights to life, health, liberty, and property
Right of self-preservation
Right to execute the law of nature
Not a state of war

60. Next Week
Pascal’s Wager: In what way does Pascal demonstrate that reason is limited? What is his point in the Wager argument?
Persian Letters: What is the lesson in the parable of the Troglodytes? How can it be applied to society in the Enlightenment?