1. Industrial Supremacy
Here We Go, Ready or Not

2. Essential Question
What new form of production will be used during the late 1800’s and how will it revolutionize the manufacturing industry?

3. Industrial Supremacy
Factors Contributing to the Growth of Industry in America
Large and growing labor supply- From where???? Who were they????
Technological innovations-what were they???
Emergence of talented, ambitious, and ruthless entrepreneurs- Who were they????

4. Industrial Supremacy
Federal government encouraging the start up of businesses- Why???
Laissez-Faire economics???
A domestic market for products of manufacturing-What does this mean?

5. Industrial Supremacy Communications-
What innovations emerged in this era? Where did they take place?
Energy? What innovations emerged in this era? Where did they take place?
Hard Metal Industry? Where, How, Result?

6. Industrial Supremacy
Transportation- What innovations emerged in this era? Where did they take place?
What was the most important change in production technology in the industrial era?
What was it’s advantages?

7. Industrial Supremacy How did big business come about? Selling stock
Stock holders had limited liability
Allowed for large sums of $$$ to be acquired to operate the projects and make the products.

8. Industrial Supremacy Who made these new innovations marketable?
Andrew Carnegie-Steel Industry
Operated out of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania
Made Steel rails
Bought Coal mines for fuel
Operated fleet of ships to transport Coal

9. Industrial Supremacy Gustavo Swift– Chicago, Illinois
Meatpacking Industry
Isaac Singer- Sewing Machine, Singer and Company
John D. Rockefeller-Standard Oil, Cleveland Ohio
Refining oil he used horizontal and vertical integration?

10. Industrial Supremacy J.D. Rockefeller Bought out competing refineries
Built is own barrel factories, terminal warehouses and pipelines
Freight cars
Marketing organization
Feared too many competitors
Control 90% of refined oil in U.S.-what is that called?

11. Industrial Supremacy J.P Morgan-Banker-New York City
Invested and Loans
Made a fortune in Railroad companies
Bought out Carnegie Steel and created the U. S. Steel Company
General Electric

12. Richest Men in American History
Industrial Supremacy
Cornelius Vanderbilt-Railroad industry
Richest Men in American History
(Take into account inflation)
Rockefeller (3x Gates)
Carnegie
Vanderbilt
Astor
Gates
Top Three are from the Gilded Age
Astor is pre-Civil War

13. Robber Barons”
Many of these businessmen formed monopolies and dominated their industries by using unfair/dirty business practices

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18. Industrial Supremacy
Social Darwinism- English philosopher, Henry Spencer
In his Social Statistics (1851), he opposed welfare systems, compulsory sanitation, free public schools, mandatory vaccinations, and any form of ‘poor law’.
Why? Because under ‘Social Darwinism’ human social order was the result of evolution—those on top of the heap deserved to be there.
The rich were rich because they were more fit and so were entitled to benefit at the expense of the weak.

19. Industrial Supremacy Gospel of Wealth
The advocates linked wealth with responsibility, arguing that those with great material possessions had equally great obligations to society.
Supporters of this Philosophy were;
Horatio Alger, Andrew Carnegie

20. Industrial Supremacy Gospel of Wealth Andrew Carnegie
Carnegie practiced what
he preached and spent
his last years giving away
his vast fortune. One of his many charitable ventures was the funding of more than 2,800 public libraries. Carnegie wrote, “The man who dies rich dies disgraced.”

21. Philanthropists Vanderbilt University Carnegie Melon University
Many donated their
huge fortunes
to form colleges,
museums,
libraries, etc.
Carnegie Hall

22. Sherman Anti-trust Act, 1890
Gov’t tried to control these men with this law
Made it illegal to President Benjamin Harrison
form a trust that
interfered with
free trade
Hard to enforce
Monopolies continued.

23. S E C T I O N 3
Big Business and Labor
GRAPH
HOME
ASSESSMENT
2. Do you think that the tycoons of the late 19th century are best described as ruthless robber barons or as effective captains of industry? Think About:
• their management tactics and business strategies
• their contributions to the economy
• their attitude toward competition
ANSWER
continued . . .

24. “Barons”—exploitation of workers; greed; personal gain
“Captains”—philanthropy; national commerce; jobs

25. S E C T I O N 3
Big Business and Labor
GRAPH
HOME
ASSESSMENT
3. Does the life of Andrew Carnegie support or counter the philosophy of Social Darwinism?
ANSWER
continued . . .

26. Support: Carnegie well-suited to his society; caused his success
Counter: advantages beyond Carnegie’s personal qualities

27. Industrial Supremacy
Immigration shifting of where it is coming from by 1880’s-1890’s. Eastern and Southern Europe. .

28. Industrial Supremacy
Moving into the Northeast United States and being employed by the factories as unskilled labor.

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30. Industrial Supremacy Why? Jobs (Chinese, Japanese, Italians, etc.)
Escape Religious Persecution (Eastern European Jews)

31. Industrial Supremacy
Where?

32. The Immigrant Experience in America
Entering and
Exiting at Ellis Island

33. Restricting Immigration and the Rise of Nativism

34. Reasons for Restrictions
Job Competition, Poverty & Lower Wages
Fear of Foreign Cultures, Language, Ideas & Religion

35. Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

36. Decreased number of skilled workers
Women and labor
Increase in Women and children working in factories
Decreased number of skilled workers

37. Labor
Men who worked in manufacturing = approximately $1.34 a day in 1880
Men who worked in manufacturing = earned nearly $1.55 daily by 1890.
Women who worked in manufacturing = $6.00- $8.00 a week

38. Labor Working conditions Young children working in unsafe environments
( minimum age 12- maximum work day 10 hours)
High rate of injury at the job
Occupational diseases-lead poisoning

39. Labor National Labor Union- First big union
Unions-
Unofficial were the Molly Maguires- intimidated
company owners
National Labor Union-
First big union
At Its’ Peak- 600,000 members
Excluded Women

40. Labor 1869 -Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor.
Endorsed eight-hour workday, codes for safety and health and equal pay for equal work by men and women.

41. Labor American Federation of Labor (AFL) was established in 1886.
Leader was Samuel Gompers
Allowed only skilled workers
Worked for liability, mine-safety laws, increased wages, and above all, a standard eight-hour workday

42. Labor
Between 1881 and 1900, approximately 23,000 strikes occurred, involving over six million workers