STAAR Reporting Category 4 Organisms & environment

STAAR Reporting Category 4 Organisms & environment
Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know

Journal Entry

Problem: Based on the dichotomous key, how can we classify the plant?

Claim:

Scientific Explanation:H
Leaves are arranged like a fan.

Problem: What are the characteristics of plant kingdom?

Claim:

Scientific Explanation: B Plants are autotrophic
Scientific Explanation: B Plants are autotrophic. This means that they make their own food. They are multicellular (made up of many cells).

A. Fungi B. Eubacteria C. Plantae D.Animalia

Problem: In which kingdom does the organism belong to?

Claim:

Scientific Explanation: C
Plant Kingdom

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryote = without a nucleus Eukaryote = with a nucleus

Eukaryotic Cell Structure
The plasma membrane/cell membrane the flexible boundary of a cell separates a cell from its surroundings

Eukaryotic plant cell Plant cells are also Eukaryotic cells, but plant cells contain some organelles that are not found in animal cells.

Plant Cell Organelles Cell wall- rigid wall outside the plasma membrane. It provides the cell with extra support. Chloroplasts- captures light and energy; and converts it into chemical energy. Chlorophyll- green pigment found inside the chloroplast. Plastids- organelles that store things such as food in the plant cell.

Problem: What is missing in the food web in order to make it complete?

Claim:

Scientific Explanation: The decomposers (bacteria, fungi) are missing from the food web.

Journal Entry – Case One

Scientific Explanation: D
90 % energy is lost as it moves from one trophic level to the next. 10% energy is passed on.

Microscopic algae are plants and white suckers are animals.
Plants = producers Animals = consumers

Trees/plants are producers, and elephants/animals are consumers.

Select the correct answer and explain.

F bats owls are eaten by bats = prey owls = predator

F moths bats are eaten by moths = prey bats = predator

Case Two - Select the correct answer and explain

1 blackberries raccoons are eaten by garter snakes raccoons

Raccoons eat blackberries (plants) and garter snakes (animals).
Raccoons are omnivores.

PREY PREDATOR

H Rangia Blue clams are eaten by crabs prey predator

Zooplankton are animals.
B PREY PREDATOR zooplankton baleen are eaten by whales Zooplankton are animals.

Microbes are photosynthetic. This means microbes are plants
Microbes are photosynthetic. This means microbes are plants. Plants are Producers. Flamingoes are animals. Animals are consumers.

D. Most living things use energy from the Sun to live and grow
D. Most living things use energy from the Sun to live and grow. Plants that use the Sun's light for photosynthesis depend most directly on the Sun. But if there were no plants on planet Earth, then it is likely that no animal life could survive either. This is because animals use plants for energy. Even animals that only consume other animals depend on plants, since without plant life, no other animals would be available for food. Also, if the Sun stopped producing energy, the Earth would be so cold that almost no life would survive.

A. A human is a producer, but grass is a consumer.
PCES A deer tick is an insect that can attach to a human's skin and feed on its blood to get energy. This does not typically kill the human or do it any serious harm. A rabbit eats grass for its food energy. Which of these is a way that the relationship between a deer tick and a human is different from the relationship between a rabbit and grass? A. A human is a producer, but grass is a consumer. B. A deer tick is a parasite, but a rabbit is a consumer. C. A rabbit is a parasite, but a deer tick is a consumer. A D. A human is a predator, but grass is prey.

Which of these is a way that the relationship between a deer tick and a human is different from the relationship between a rabbit and grass? A. A human is a producer, but grass is a consumer. B. A deer tick is a parasite, but a rabbit is a consumer. C. A rabbit is a parasite, but a deer tick is a consumer. D. A human is a predator, but grass is prey.

B A deer tick is a parasite because it feeds on its host (a human) without killing it. For the deer tick to be benefited it needs its host to be alive while it feeds on it. A rabbit is an animal. It is a consumer. Grass is a plant and is a producer. Plants = producers Animals = consumers

PCES A tapeworm can attach itself to the intestinal wall of a dog and live off of the food that the dog eats. The tapeworm is a _______, and the dog is the tapeworm's _______. A. carnivore; prey B. producer; supplier C. parasite; host D. predator; prey

C A tapeworm is a parasite that can infect many host organisms, including dogs. Since the tapeworm needs a living host in order to survive, this makes it a parasite. Parasites only feed on living organisms, so they usually live on or inside of their hosts.

D Mild temperature, some suspended particles, and water flow at medium speed is not at the extreme ranges. It is in the middle.

J Species A is able to live in zones I, II, and III.

B White tailed deer eats 36% shrubs and 20% weeds. Goats that eat weeds and shrubs will be competing with the white tailed deer for food.

C Frogs and snakes compete for grasshoppers as a food source.

Grass- hopper are eaten by frogs prey predator Grass snakes hopper are eaten by prey predator

H The two species of barnacles compete with each other for resources. Without species B, population of species A increases.

J Three of the four fish are in temperature range 25 to 30 C. At this temperature, there will be more competition for space.

G Both species can sprout in salt water and fresh water. Species 2 can sprout in higher salt concentration than species 1.

C Water is scarce. Eggs and tadpoles develop quickly in temporary ponds that form after the rain.

Journal Entry – Case One Select the correct answer and explain.

C Plants and animals living in saltier water conditions will not survive. This will decrease the biodiversity. (Bio = life Diversity = different life foms – plants, animals)

F Since grass is available all year round, the sheep will not have to eat extra to survive the winter. There will be a decrease in their body size

All living things are made up of cells.
Unicellular (Single-celled)- organisms that are made up of only one cell. Multicellular- organisms made up of many cells. (Some have billions & trillions of cells!)

Teacher Domain

Cells Most basic part of a living system “Cells are Building Blocks”
Cells contain organelles Animal & Plant cells both contain: nucleus- command center of the cell cell membrane- protective outer layer cytoplasm- gelatin-like substance that fills inside of cell (contains other organelles that are vital to the processes of life) mitochondria- to provide power for cell activities

Only plant cells have cell walls for support & chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis.

Animal Cell

Plant Cell Contain 2 organelles that animal cells do not have:
*Chloroplasts- use sunlight & CO2 to create food for the plant’s cells *Cell wall- rigid structure that provides protection and support for plant cell

Three Tab Venn Diagram Animal Cell Plant Cell Both

Systems work together to carry out various life functions.
Example: A track runner has different systems that work together: -Muscles move the arms & legs. This uses up oxygen, which must be provided through the bloodstream. -The heart starts beating faster to move more blood to the muscle cells that need oxygen. -As breathing rate increases, the lungs have to take in oxygen & get rid of carbon dioxide more quickly. -The brain sends signals to the lungs, heart, & muscles to coordinate all these activities.

Levels of Organization

A response of an organism to a given change, such as temperature or the amount of light.
Example: Sweating If the body temperature gets too high, sweat glands open up, causing a person to sweat. The sweat then evaporates, carrying heat energy away from the body. This cools the skin. When the body temperature returns to normal, another nerve signal is sent out to close the sweat glands. Feedback mechanism

Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems
When you breathe, cells in your lungs help move oxygen into your bloodstream. Many of these cells together form an air sac, which is a kind of lung tissue. These & other tissues together form a lung, which is an organ. The mouth, nose, & trachea are other organs that work together with the lungs to help you breathe. These are some of the organs that make up the respiratory system. The respiratory system is just one of the many organ systems in the whole human organism.

Systems in the Human Body
The human body includes systems such as: Circulatory Respiratory Digestive Excretory Muscular Skeletal Nervous

Respiratory System

alveoli – air sacs

Journal Entry Show What You Know. When people run distances, their muscles require increased amounts of oxygen. Oxygen is carried to the muscles. Name the body system responsible for carrying oxygen to the muscles. Explain how this happens.

Journal Entry Show What You Know. Name the body system responsible for carrying oxygen to the muscles. Explain how this happens. _________________________________ __________________________________________________________________

Journal Entry Show What You Know. The respiratory system is responsible for carrying oxygen to the muscles. The oxygen that we breathe in is carried by Red Blood Cells to different cells in our body.

Human Body System Chart

The Digestive System What is the function of this system?

The Digestive System What is the function of this system? to convert food into simpler particles that can be absorbed into the bloodstream and used by the body

The Digestive System List some organs found in this system.

mouth esophagus (food pipe) stomach small intestine large intestine
The Digestive System List some organs found in this system. mouth esophagus (food pipe) stomach small intestine large intestine rectum

The Digestive System Explain how this system interacts with another system.

with circulatory system:
The Digestive System Explain how this system interacts with another system. with circulatory system: from walls of small intestine (villi), the digested food enters the blood to be delivered to cells of the body

Circulatory System or Cardio -vascular System

The Circulatory System
What is the function of this system?

What is the function of this system? to deliver oxygenated blood to the cells and organ systems in our body

List some organs found in this system.

List some organs found in this system. Heart Blood vessels – arteries, veins, capillaries

Explain how this system interacts with another system.

Explain how this system interacts with another system. With respiratory system: Red Blood Cells deliver O2 from lungs to body cells, and then drops off CO2 from body cells to lungs

Human Respiratory System
Figure 10.1

The Respiratory System
What is the function of this system?

What is the function of this system? to provide the body with a fresh supply of oxygen and remove the waste product carbon dioxide

List some organs found in this system. Trachea (wind-pipe) Lungs

Explain how this system interacts with another system.

Explain how this system interacts with another system. With circulatory system: Provides continous oxygen supply to heart when you breathe in with help of Red Blood Cells.

The Excretory System What is the function of this system?

to rid the body of liquid wastes, including excess water and salts
The Excretory System What is the function of this system? to rid the body of liquid wastes, including excess water and salts

The Excretory System List some organs found in this system.

kidneys ureter urinary bladder urethra The Excretory System
List some organs found in this system. kidneys ureter urinary bladder urethra

The Excretory System Explain how this system interacts with another system.

with circulatory system:
The Excretory System Explain how this system interacts with another system. with circulatory system: filters liquid waste from the blood with help of kidneys

The Nervous System What is the function of this system?

The Nervous System What is the function of this system?
to coordinate the body’s response to changes in its internal and external environment

The Nervous System List some organs found in this system.

The Nervous System List some organs found in this system. brain
spinal cord nerves

The Nervous System Explain how this system interacts with another system.

with all other body systems:
The Nervous System Explain how this system interacts with another system. with all other body systems: nerve cells coordinate activities with all body systems

The Skeletal System What is the function of this system?

The Skeletal System What is the function of this system?
to provide structure and support to the human body {Bones are where new blood cells are generated (in the marrow), and require the mineral calcium for strength.}

The Skeletal System List some organs found in this system.

The Skeletal System List some organs found in this system.
femur (thigh bone) sternum (breast bone) cranium (skull) vertebrae (back) scalpula (shoulder)

The Skeletal System Explain how this system interacts with another system.

with circulatory and respiratory systems:
The Skeletal System Explain how this system interacts with another system. with circulatory and respiratory systems: protects it’s organs

The Muscular System What is the function of this system?

The Muscular System What is the function of this system?
to give support, structure and help in movement of the body

The Muscular System List some organs found in this system.

The Muscular System List some organs found in this system. biceps
triceps

The Muscular System Explain how this system interacts with another system.

works with the skeletal and nervous system to produce movement
The Muscular System Explain how this system interacts with another system. works with the skeletal and nervous system to produce movement

Other Body Systems

Endocrine Glands Section 39-1 Hypothalamus Pineal gland
The hypothalamus makes hormones that control the pituitary gland. In addition, it makes hormones that are stored in the pituitary gland. Pineal gland The pineal gland releases melatonin, which is involved in rhythmic activities, such as daily sleep-wake cycles. Thyroid The thyroid produces thyroxine, which regulates metabolism. Pituitary gland The pituitary gland produces hormones that regulate many of the other endocrine glands. Pancreas The pancreas produces insulin and glucagon, which regulate the level of glucose in the blood. Parathyroid glands These four glands release parathyroid hormone, which regulate the level of calcium in the blood. Ovary The ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen is required for the development of secondary sex characteristics and for the development of eggs. Progesterone prepares the uterus for a fertilized egg. Thymus During childhood, the thymus releases thymosin, which stimulates Tcell development. Testis The testes produce testosterone, which is responsible for sperm production and the development of male secondary sex characteristics Adrenal glands The adrenal glands release epinephrine and nonepinephrine, which help the body deal with stress.

Components of Human Immune System

The Immune System is the Third Line of Defense Against Infection

Circulatory system Arteries are tubes that carry blood away from the heart Veins are tubes that return blood to the heart Capillaries connect arteries and veins. They are tiny tubes that exchange food, oxygen and wastes between blood and body cells.

Respiratory BREATH IN -- your body gets oxygen from the air. Rib muscles contract to pull ribs up and out. The DIAPHRAGM muscle contracts to pull down the lungs. Tissue expands to suck in air. BREATH OUT -- you get rid of other gases that your body does not need. Rib muscles relax. The Diaphragm muscle relaxes. Tissue returns to resting position and forces air out.

Digestive system Breaks down and absorbs food to provide energy for the body

Excretory Gets rid of body wastes and excess fluids

Muscles Muscle contracts to move bones and body parts
Muscles look either striated or smooth: Striated muscle has stripes or striations in it. Smooth muscle does not.

Voluntary or Involuntary Muscles
Voluntary muscles are muscles that you can move whenever you want to. Involuntary muscles contract and relax automatically inside your body. We can not control our involuntary muscles

Did you know????? There are more than 600 muscles in your body
That nearly 35-40% of your body mass is muscle The smallest bones are in your ear. The largest bone, the femur, is found in your thigh

Skeletal system Function of bones protect internal organs
support the body make blood cells store minerals provide for muscle attachment

Joints A point where one bone attaches to another bone.
There are two different types of joints in the body: Movable joints (like ball-and-socket, hinge, gliding and pivot joints) Immovable joints (like the bones of the skull and pelvis) which allow little or no movement

Immovable joint Hinge joint Ball & Socket joint

Integumentary System skin is the largest organ in the body
Two distinct layers occur in the skin: the dermis and epidermis. The integumentary system has multiple roles in homeostasis, including protection, temperature regulation, sensory reception, biochemical synthesis, and absorption.

Controls everything you do
Nervous system Controls everything you do collects, transfers and processes information with brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and nerves

Systems A group of parts that form a complex whole- work together to achieve goals that the parts could not reach alone. Parts can interact, be related to one another, or depend on each other. Example: Circulatory and Respiratory systems work together

Human Body Systems

Homeostasis Adaptations
The body has ways of adjusting to different conditions. Keeping conditions such as body temperature constant is called equilibrium or homeostasis. Equilibrium occurs when a system is balanced. Adaptations What if a change is too extreme & an organism can’t maintain equilibrium? The organism may die!! However, most organisms are adapted to the environments where they live. Their body systems & behaviors adjust or change to allow them to survive in the new environment.

Extinction The loss of an entire species is called extinction.
Example: If an organism doesn’t have adaptations that allow it to live in a colder climate, then it must move to a warmer environment or it will die. This can affect single organisms as well as whole populations.

Long Term & Short Term Changes
Migration: Organisms move from one place to another-Long Term-if organism move to another region permanently because there was no food left & Short Term migration-butterflies during winter Hibernation: Organism become inactive during winter to conserve energy until the food is available again. Dormancy: A period of inactivity or no growth-Plants in winter

Genetic traits Genes- a segment of DNA on a chromosome that contains information for specific genetic traits. Genes are passed from parents to offspring. Genetic trait- a characteristic passed on from a parent to offspring. Genetic traits that help organisms to survive in their environment are called adaptations. Adaptations can be either physical characteristics or behaviors.

Reasons for Adaptation

How are genes passed from parents to offspring?
During reproduction, the parents’ genes in the sex cells (egg & sperm) will create the new organism. This is called sexual reproduction. In sexual reproduction, both parents pass the genes for traits on to their offspring. Half the genes come from the male and half come from the female. Sexual reproduction results in genetic diversity due to the large number of gene combinations that may occur.

Reproduction

Dichotomous Keys A dichotomous key is a tool that helps identify organisms. A dichotomous key consists of several pairs of statements. Based on observations about an organism, the user begins by choosing a statement from the first pair. Each statement leads either to the name of an organism or to another pair of statements. By working through several pairs, you can identify an organism.

Dichotomous Keys 1. a. Edge of wings black-Go to 2.
b. Edge of wings not black-Go to 3. 2. Upper wing with black veins-Danaus plexippus Upper wing without black veins-Danaus gillippus 3. Wings blue with white edges-Cupido comyntas Wings black with white edges-Phocides palemon

Classification Autotroph: An organism that produces its own food. EX: Plants, Algae, Archaebacteria, Phytoplanktons Heterotroph: An organism that feeds on other organisms. EX: Animals, Protista (only protozoan), Fungi, Bacteria

Classification Domain: Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Classification

Classification The living things are grouped in to three domains which are Archae (primitive, unicellular, prokaryotic, some autotrophs & some heterotrophs, some live in harsh conditions); Bacteria (unicellular prokaryotes, most are heterotrophs, typical bacteria); & Eukarya

A habitat is the specific place in which an organism makes its home.
Ecosystem – includes the living & nonliving parts of an environment. Nonliving- water, soil, light, air Living- plants, animals & other living organisms (makes up the community) Community – a group of different types or populations or plants, animals, & other organisms living & interacting with one another in an environment. Each population in a community lives in a particular part of that environment called a habitat. A habitat is the specific place in which an organism makes its home. As you move up the diagram, each level is more complex.

Organisms are affected by one another
Organisms interact with their environment Each part of the community has its own function, but together they form the entire pond ecosystem. Organisms are affected by one another Organisms are connected by the energy that flows through the pond community. Both plants & animals require energy. This flow begins with the plants using energy from the sun and continues through all the organisms in an ecosystem.

Plants change radiant energy from the sun into chemical energy.
Carbon dioxide and water are converted into sugar and oxygen. (Sugar is very important in an ecosystem- it’s food for plants & for other organisms. When plants are eaten, the energy in the plant matter is passed on to other organisms in the food chain.)

Radiant Energy Chemical Energy TEK 7
Radiant Energy Chemical Energy TEK 7.5 A recognize that radiant energy from the Sun is transformed into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis Photosynthesis

Chemical energy passes from plants to animals through a food chain
Producers- (plants) organisms that make their own food Primary consumers- animals that get their energy from eating plants Secondary (second-order) consumers- animals that eat primary consumer animals.

Animals can be both a primary & secondary consumer.

Types of consumers Herbivores- animals that eat only plants
Carnivores- animals that eat only other animals Omnivores- animals that eat both plants & other animals

Decomposers Fungi Bacteria
Organisms that feed on dead plants & animals. This releases the chemical energy and nutrients in the dead plants and animals back into the environment. Decomposers play an important role in recycling nutrients & energy. Fungi Bacteria

Food Chain- shows the flow of energy from one organism to another to yet another.

Food Web A complex system of energy flow through overlapping food chains. Energy passes in many different directions through all the organisms.

Symbiotic Relationships (close relationship between organisms)
Producer-Consumer (Plant-make food & Mouse-Eat food) Parasite-Host (Tick-Parasite get benefit & Dog-Host get hurt) Mutualism (Clown fish-hides safely protected by tentacles of anemone & anemone-clown fish catches the food Commensalism (Shark-give ride no benefit & Remora-get ride) Predator-Prey (Lion & Deer)

Succession Rebuilding of populations in a community or ecosystem that has been changed. Succession can happen in any environment where change occurs. Other examples: a plowed farm field, a burned forest, or a grassland that gradually receives less rainfall.

Succession Primary Succession: It can take place on a newly formed volcanic island or in an area newly exposed by a melting glacier. Pioneer species in primary succession are Lichens & Mosses Secondary Succesion: It takes place where organisms already live or it takes place after an existing ecosystem has been disturbed.

Ecological Succession

STAAR Reporting Category 4 Organisms & environment

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