1. Chapter 20 – Elements and Their Properties

2. Chapter 20 – Elements and Their Properties
Section 1 – Metals

3. Chapter 20 – Elements and Their Properties
Section 1 – Metals
Properties of metals

4. Chapter 20 – Elements and Their Properties
Section 1 – Metals
Properties of metals
Conduct heat and electricity

5. Chapter 20 – Elements and Their Properties
Section 1 – Metals
Properties of metals
Conduct heat and electricity
Luster – reflect light well

6. Chapter 20 – Elements and Their Properties
Section 1 – Metals
Properties of metals
Conduct heat and electricity
Luster – reflect light well
Malleable – can be hammered or rolled into sheets

7. Ductile – can be drawn into wires

8. Ductile – can be drawn into wires
Ionic Bonding – combine with nonmentals by losing electrons

9. Ductile – can be drawn into wires
Ionic Bonding – combine with nonmentals by losing electrons
Metallic Bonding – positively charged metallic ions are surrounded by a cloud of electrons; ions are in sliding layers and electrons are weakly held; readily form ionic bonds with nonmetals

11. The Alkali Metals – softer and more reactive than other metals

12. The Alkali Metals – softer and more reactive than other metals
Highly reactive with oxygen and water; don’t occur naturally as elemental forms

14. The Alkali Metals – softer and more reactive than other metals
Highly reactive with oxygen and water; don’t occur naturally as elemental forms
Combine readily with other elements due to single electron in outer energy level

15. Multiple uses

16. Multiple uses
Human Health – sodium, potassium, and lithium compounds

17. Multiple uses
Human Health – sodium, potassium, and lithium compounds
Photocells – some depend on rubidium, or cesium

18. Multiple uses
Human Health – sodium, potassium, and lithium compounds
Photocells – some depend on rubidium, or cesium
Francium – a radioactive element which breaks down giving off particles and energy

19. The Alkaline Earth Metals – not found naturally in elemental form; two electrons in outer energy level

20. The Alkaline Earth Metals – not found naturally in elemental form; two electrons in outer energy level
Applications – strontium and magnesium found in fireworks; magnesium in vehicles, ladders, and bats; calcium in statues and countertops

21. The Alkaline Earth Metals – not found naturally in elemental form; two electrons in outer energy level
Applications – strontium and magnesium found in fireworks; magnesium in vehicles, ladders, and bats; calcium in statues and countertops
Human body – calcium in bones; barium in disease diagnoses; radium formerly used in cancer treatment

22. Transition Elements – they often occur in nature as uncombined elements

23. Transition Elements – they often occur in nature as uncombined elements
Typically form colored compounds – chromium found in rubies and emeralds

25. Transition Elements – they often occur in nature as uncombined elements
Typically form colored compounds – chromium found in rubies and emeralds
Iron triad – iron, cobalt, and nickel

27. Transition Elements – they often occur in nature as uncombined elements
Typically form colored compounds – chromium found in rubies and emeralds
Iron triad – iron, cobalt, and nickel
a. Iron – most widely used of all metals and main ingredient in steel; abundant in Earth’s crust

28. Cobalt and nickel – used in some steels

29. Cobalt and nickel – used in some steels
Nickel used to coat other metals

30. Cobalt and nickel – used in some steels
Nickel used to coat other metals
Copper, silver, gold – coinage metals since once were commonly used in coins

32. Cobalt and nickel – used in some steels
Nickel used to coat other metals
Copper, silver, gold – coinage metals since once were commonly used in coins
Copper – used in electric wiring because it is a superior electricity conductor

33. Cobalt and nickel – used in some steels
Nickel used to coat other metals
Copper, silver, gold – coinage metals since once were commonly used in coins
Copper – used in electric wiring because it is a superior electricity conductor
Silver – used in photographic film and paper; jewelry

34. gold – used in jewelry

35. gold – used in jewelry
Zinc, cadmium, mercury – group 12 on period table

37. gold – used in jewelry
Zinc, cadmium, mercury – group 12 on period table
Zinc and cadmium – often used to coat or plate other materials

38. gold – used in jewelry
Zinc, cadmium, mercury – group 12 on period table
Zinc and cadmium – often used to coat or plate other materials
Mercury – only room temperature liquid metal; used in thermometers and batteries

39. The Inner Transition Metals – seem disconnected from the rest of the period table

41. The Inner Transition Metals – seem disconnected from the rest of the period table
The Lanthanides – include lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, americium, europium, gadolinium, and terbium

42. The Inner Transition Metals – seem disconnected from the rest of the period table
The Lanthanides – include lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, americium, europium, gadolinium, and terbium
The Actinides – all are radioactive and unstable; uranium is the best known

43. Section 2 – Nonmetals

44. Section 2 – Nonmetals
Properties of nonmetals – usually gases or brittle solids at room temperature; are not malleable or ductile; usually poor conductors of heat and electricity; usually not lustrous

45. Section 2 – Nonmetals
Properties of nonmetals – usually gases or brittle solids at room temperature; are not malleable or ductile; usually poor conductors of heat and electricity; usually not lustrous
Ionic compounds – form when nonmetals gain electrons from metals and become negative ions

46. Covalent compounds – form when nonmetals share electron with other nonmetals

47. Covalent compounds – form when nonmetals share electron with other nonmetals
Hydrogen – most common element in universe

48. Covalent compounds – form when nonmetals share electron with other nonmetals
Hydrogen – most common element in universe
A diatomic molecule – two atoms of the same element in covalent bond

49. Covalent compounds – form when nonmetals share electron with other nonmetals
Hydrogen – most common element in universe
A diatomic molecule – two atoms of the same element in covalent bond
Highly reactive element found mostly on Earth as part of water compound

50. The Halogens – include bromine, iodine, fluorine, chlorine, and astatine

52. The Halogens – include bromine, iodine, fluorine, chlorine, and astatine
A salt forms when a halogen gains one electron from a metal

53. The Halogens – include bromine, iodine, fluorine, chlorine, and astatine
A salt forms when a halogen gains one electron from a metal
Use of halogens

54. The Halogens – include bromine, iodine, fluorine, chlorine, and astatine
A salt forms when a halogen gains one electron from a metal
Use of halogens
Chlorine – disinfectant and bleach

55. The Halogens – include bromine, iodine, fluorine, chlorine, and astatine
A salt forms when a halogen gains one electron from a metal
Use of halogens
Chlorine – disinfectant and bleach
Bromine – dyes in cosmetics

56. The Halogens – include bromine, iodine, fluorine, chlorine, and astatine
A salt forms when a halogen gains one electron from a metal
Use of halogens
Chlorine – disinfectant and bleach
Bromine – dyes in cosmetics
Iodine – hormone regulation

57. Sublimation – a solid changes directly into a gas without first becoming a liquid

58. Sublimation – a solid changes directly into a gas without first becoming a liquid
The Noble Gases – exist as isolated, stable atoms

60. Sublimation – a solid changes directly into a gas without first becoming a liquid
The Noble Gases – exist as isolated, stable atoms
Helium – used in blimps and balloons

61. Sublimation – a solid changes directly into a gas without first becoming a liquid
The Noble Gases – exist as isolated, stable atoms
Helium – used in blimps and balloons
Neon, argon, and krypton – used in lights

62. Section 3 – Mixed Groups

63. Section 3 – Mixed Groups
Properties of metalloids – form ionic and covalent bonds; have some metallic and some nonmetallic properties; partial conduction gives them semiconductor characterisitics

64. Section 3 – Mixed Groups
Properties of metalloids – form ionic and covalent bonds; have some metallic and some nonmetallic properties; partial conduction gives them semiconductor characterisitics
The Boron Group – named for the first element in Group 13

66. Boron – used in water softening products, antiseptics, and fuels

67. Boron – used in water softening products, antiseptics, and fuels
Aluminum – abundant in Earth’s crust; used in cans, foil wraps, pans, building materials, and aircraft

68. Boron – used in water softening products, antiseptics, and fuels
Aluminum – abundant in Earth’s crust; used in cans, foil wraps, pans, building materials, and aircraft
The Carbon Group – four electrons in outer energy level

70. Boron – used in water softening products, antiseptics, and fuels
Aluminum – abundant in Earth’s crust; used in cans, foil wraps, pans, building materials, and aircraft
The Carbon Group – four electrons in outer energy level
Carbon – found in coal, oil, natural gas, and foods

71. Silicon occurs as an allotrope – same element with different molecular structures

72. Silicon occurs as an allotrope – same element with different molecular structures
Silicon found in sand, rocks, and soil

73. Silicon occurs as an allotrope – same element with different molecular structures
Silicon found in sand, rocks, and soil
The main component in semiconductors, which conduct electricity under certain conditions

74. Silicon occurs as an allotrope – same element with different molecular structures
Silicon found in sand, rocks, and soil
The main component in semiconductors, which conduct electricity under certain conditions
Germanium – also used in semiconductors

75. Tin – used to coat other metals

76. Tin – used to coat other metals
Lead – toxic, so no longer used in paint

77. Tin – used to coat other metals
Lead – toxic, so no longer used in paint
Diamonds, graphite, and buckminsterfullerene are all allotropes of carbon

78. Allotropes of Carbon - graphite and diamond

79. Tin – used to coat other metals
Lead – toxic, so no longer used in paint
Diamonds, graphite, and buckminsterfullerene are all allotropes of carbon
The Nitrogen Group – five electrons in outer energy level; tend to form covalent bonds

81. Nitrogen – used to make nitrates and ammonia

82. Nitrogen – used to make nitrates and ammonia
Phosphorus – used in water softeners, fertilizers, match heads, fine china

83. Nitrogen – used to make nitrates and ammonia
Phosphorus – used in water softeners, fertilizers, match heads, fine china
Antimony and bismuth used with other metals to lower their melting points

84. Nitrogen – used to make nitrates and ammonia
Phosphorus – used in water softeners, fertilizers, match heads, fine china
Antimony and bismuth used with other metals to lower their melting points
The Oxygen Group or Group 16

86. Oxygen – makes up 20% of air, is used by living things in respiration, and provides protection from the Sun’s radiation

87. Oxygen – makes up 20% of air, is used by living things in respiration, and provides protection from the Sun’s radiation
Sulfur – used to form sulfides for pigment in paint

88. Oxygen – makes up 20% of air, is used by living things in respiration, and provides protection from the Sun’s radiation
Sulfur – used to form sulfides for pigment in paint
Selenium – used in photocopiers and multivitamins

89. Oxygen – makes up 20% of air, is used by living things in respiration, and provides protection from the Sun’s radiation
Sulfur – used to form sulfides for pigment in paint
Selenium – used in photocopiers and multivitamins
Tellurium and polonium are also oxygen group elements

90. Synthetic Elements – scientists create elements not usually found on Earth; synthetic elements usually disintegrate quickly

91. Synthetic Elements – scientists create elements not usually found on Earth; synthetic elements usually disintegrate quickly
Uranium can be made into neptunium which forms plutonium when it disintegrates

92. Synthetic Elements – scientists create elements not usually found on Earth; synthetic elements usually disintegrate quickly
Uranium can be made into neptunium which forms plutonium when it disintegrates
Plutonium can be changed into americium, which is used in smoke detectors

93. Transuranium elements have more than 92 protons and are synthetic and unstable

95. Transuranium elements have more than 92 protons and are synthetic and unstable
The student of synthesized elements helps scientists to understand the forces holding the nucleus together

96. Transuranium elements have more than 92 protons and are synthetic and unstable
The study of synthesized elements helps scientists to understand the forces holding the nucleus together
Element 114 lasted for 30 seconds

97. Transuranium elements have more than 92 protons and are synthetic and unstable
The student of synthesized elements helps scientists to understand the forces holding the nucleus together
Element 114 lasted for 30 seconds
It combined 114 protons with 175 neutrons

98. Transuranium elements have more than 92 protons and are synthetic and unstable
The student of synthesized elements helps scientists to understand the forces holding the nucleus together
Element 114 lasted for 30 seconds
It combined 114 protons with 175 neutrons
It broke apart due to enormous repulsion between the protons