1. Minerals

2. Minerals 2.2 Naturally occurring Solid Substance
NBpg. 20
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Minerals 2.2
What are all thing made of and how are they put together?
Naturally occurring
Solid Substance
Orderly crystalline structure
Definite chemical composition
Generally considered inorganic
1.Crystallization from magma
2. Precipitation
3. Pressure and temperature
4. Hydrothermal solutions
Definition of a mineral
How Minerals Form
-NATURALLY OCCURING- natural geologic processes, synthetic gems like synthetic diamonds and rubies are not considered to be minerals. (man made)
-Solid substance-temperature ranges are natural to earth’s surface.
-Crystalline structure- their atoms or ions are arranged in a orderly and repetitive manner. Ex: NaCl on pg. 41
-Chemical Composition-Most minerals are compounds except for some like gold and silver which only have 1 element (native form)
-generally Inorganic- most minerals are inorganic crystalline solids found in nature ex: sugar has is a crystalline solid is not considered a mineral because it is organic (it has carbon)
-Generally inorganic because there are some marine animals that will secrete inorganic compounds like calcium carbonate (calcite) and that is considered a mineral.

3. Feldspar, muscovite, quartz, hornblende
Magma cools and the elements combine to form different minerals. The first ones to crystalize are usually rich in Fe, Ca, and Mg
The magma composition changes and make minerals with Na, K, and Al.
When water evaporates in rivers, lakes, ponds, oceans, and below the surface, there are dissolved substances and they can react and form minerals. Changes in water temp can also cause minerals to form.
Pressure and temperature changes can change existing mineerals into other minerals. This happens with rock as well.
Hydrothermal solutions (very hot mixture of water and dissolved substances) come in contact with existing minerals and chemical reations occurs that form new minerals.

4. Mono lake, located in central California close to the Nevada border in the sierra Nevada mountains. Close to Fresno.
These are salt deposits and as the water level has dropped the evaporated substances reacted to form these mineral structures.

5. NBpg. 12
Slide 2 of 3
Minerals 2.2
Silicates: Silicon and oxygen combine to form a silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
-Most common mineral on earth. 97% of all minerals.
Mineral Groups
EX: Quartz, Mica, Hornblende, Feldspar
Also called rock-forming minerals
The most abundant elements in the earth’s crust are oxygen and silicon.
Most silicate minerals have 1 Si and 4 O except for quartz which has 1 Si and 2 O
Si-O bonds are very strong and can form different ways

6. Silicates Top left-mica Middle left-hornblende
Bottom left and middle purple -quartz

7. Minerals 2.2 Carbonates Oxides Mineral Groups: Sulfates and Sulfides
NBpg. 12
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Minerals 2.2
Mineral Groups:
Carbonates
Oxides
Sulfates and Sulfides
Halides
Native Element
Phospates
description
examples
contain carbon, oxygen, and one or more other metallic elements.
calcite; azurite
contain oxygen and one or more other elements, which are usually metals
Magnetite; hematite
Contain Sulfur
Gypsum; Galena
contain a halogen ion and one or more other elements
Halite; Flourite
exist in relatively pure form; pure elements (not compounds); highly prized
Copper; Gold; Carbon-diamond,graphite
inorganic salt of phosphoric acid
Apitite; carnonite

8. Native Elements

9. Oxides-used primarily for pigment in paint

10. Carbonates- come in distinct colors -metals combine with carbonate ion (CO₃)₂-

11. Minerals 2.2 Mineral Groups
NBpg. 12
Slide 3 of 3
Minerals 2.2
Carbonates: contain carbon, oxygen, and one
or more other metallic elements
Oxides: contain oxygen and one or more other elements, which are usually metals
Sulfates and Sulfides: contain sulfur
Halides: contain a halogen ion and one or more other elements
Phosphates: inorganic salt of phosphoric acid
Native elements: exist in relatively pure form
Mineral
Groups