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Chapter 9 Elections, Campaigns, and Voting
AP Government Chapter 9 Elections, Campaigns, and Voting
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Nominations/Primary Elections
Caucus – like minded members that meet to select delegates to national convention – Iowa Caucus Open Primary Closed Primary Super Tuesday: day in early March on which the most presidential primary elections take place
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Citizens Voice Referendum – citizens vote for/against a measure proposed by the state legislature Initiative – citizen sponsored proposal that can amend legislation Recall – cuts an officeholders term--- this is how Arnold Schwarzenegger??? Became governor of California
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The Choice to Run Civic responsibility Party loyalty
Interest name recognition Personal goals
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Formal Eligibility Requirements
President Vice President Natural Born Citizen 35 years old Resident of the US for 14 years Natural Born Citizen At least 35
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Formal Requirements US Senate US Representative
Citizen at least 9 years 30 years of age Resident of the state elected Citizen for at least 7 years 25 years of age Resident of the state elected
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Informal Requirements
“qualified” to hold office Professional/leadership experience Strong communication skills Education Name recognition Ability to raise money
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How Political Campaigns Have Changed
Then (1980s) Now Many campaigns were staffed by volunteers Professional “guns for hire”; extensive staff dedicated to strategy setting, fund-raising, and media relations Grassroots activism Netroots activism – activism driven by candidates’ websites, tweets, blogs, social networking sites Money was a crucial consideration, but grassroots demanded fewer financial resources Money rules the day; but technology has the potential to level the playing field
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Money and Politics Political Action Committee – required of any group that contributes to a campaign Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, 2010 – use of new super PACs, use contributions from individuals, corporations, and labor unions to spend unlimited sums independent of the campaign
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Regulation of $$$ Legislation Court Talk
1971, Federal Election Campaign Act – placed limitations on expenditures/contributions Voluntary tax return check-off – you contribute $3 for matching funds received by qualified candidates 1974 reforms- disclosure of contributions/expenditures Buckley v. Valeo, 1976 – candidate restrictions on contributions violated ones right to free speech Allowed growth of PACs 527s/501(c)4s – nonprofit organizations to promote social welfare, includes lobbying and political campaign
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The Electoral College 538 electors
Equals number of representatives/senators + 3 who represent Washington DC A candidate needs 270 votes to win Each states number of electors is same as representatives/senators constitutional
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Suffrage Expansion Early years Landed White men; religious qualifications Early 1800s --- Landed White Men 1870 – 15th Amendment – cannot deny based on race, or previous servitude 1920 – 19th Amendment – cannot deny based on gender 1960s – civil rights acts 1971 – 26th Amendment – lower voting age to 18
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The Road for African Americans and the Right to Vote
Grandfather Clause Literacy Test Poll Tax Threat/Intimidation Voting Rights Act of 1965
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Who Votes? Education Level - #1 predictor Age Race Income
Party Competitiveness
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Voting Republican Democrat Higher education Older White Wealthier men
Lower education Younger Minority Lower income women
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Decisions Issue must be salient – having resonance, being significant
Incumbency – already hold office Negative campaigns War/economy
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Why some do not vote Lack of efficacy – they do not feel that their voice will make a difference Voter fatigue – ballots too long Time zone fallout Negative campaigns Registration process Tuesday after the first Monday in November
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