1. Period 5: Industrialization and Global Connections
1750 – c CE
Ch 13, pg. 151
Source: AP World History Crash Course by J.P. Harmon

2. Industrialization and Its Effects

3. Causes of the Industrial Revolution
Most dramatic change since the Neolithic Revolution

4. Begins in Britain Western Europe’s governments
Richest in the world (thank you Latin American gold and silver)
$$ invested part of this into prizes to inventors
Resulted in more efficient ways to:
Transport goods
Grow crops
Defeat enemies

6. Geography The right type of natural resources
iron
coal
good soil
fast moving rivers
natural harbors
Products exported back to colonial consumers
Belgium, Germany, France had similar conditions and soon followed Britain

7. Economic and Social Mobility
Social mobility possible with reality of invention
“a nation of tinkerers”
Banks loaned $$ (££)to inventors

8. Workforce
Britain had large number of skilled workers familiar with use of metal tools
Contributed to the development of machines
Enclosure Movement forced many farm workers to cities to look for work

9. Why Britain? Why not … anywhere else?
ONLY Western Europe had ALL the necessary factors
Incentive
Materials
Skilled labor
Africa had more natural resources but not stable governments
Ming China strong government and economy but not resources
India & China tradition of invention but not the incentive

10. Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution

11. Mechanization of Textile Production
Machine to mass produce cloth and thread
Faster and cheaper cloth production
Machines so large they needed special buildings
factories
Waterwheels to provide power

13. The Steam Engine Invented in Britain Made waterpower obsolete
Factories free to be build away from water
Connection to machines made production infinitely better

14. The Steam Engine Technological changes came in rapid succession
Invention of the cotton gin, took cotton production to a new level
Steam boat made sail transportation obsolete
Locomotive

15. The Industrial Revolution Motors on

16. Fossil Fuels Coal was initial fuel
Later on in the 19th century petroleum was used more and more
Development of the internal combustion engine

17. Steel
Advancements in production of steel was lighter, stronger and more flexible
Steel factories centered around iron and coal mines
“king of metals” of the industrial revolution
Great Britain first; US, Japan, Russia to follow

18. Industrialization Spreads: United States
US quick to follow GB with the invention of the cotton gin
Single crop plantations (cotton, tobacco) and slavery flourished
Northeast textile factories; south raw materials production
Railroads

19. Industrialization Spreads: United States
South’s loss to North in American Civil War and abolition of slavery turning point in government’s power to encourage industrial build-up
Trans-continental Railroad
By 1900 US world’s largest steel producer
US Steel world’s 1st billion $ company

20. Industrialization Spreads: Japan
Commodore Perry and the forced opening of Japan to world trade
Japan responded by embracing societal, political and industrial change
Used western technology to specialize in silk textiles
Differing from western: Japanese government heavily involved in industry

21. Industrialization Spread: Russia
Russia’s progress NOT like US and Japan– slow to transform to industrialization Russian gov’t primary focus was to support the elite and the use of serfdom Russia frees serfs and seeks foreign investment in industry Becomes the top producer of steel Regardless, Russian economy still more like 15th century with most peasants still based in agriculture

22. Industrialization Spreads: Latin America
European invested in Latin American early industrialization
Some railroads were built but LA remained mostly agricultural and serf based
Single crop products:
Coffee
Bananas
Wheat
Beef
sugar

23. Industrialization Spreads: India
England rules India
India leading grower of cotton which England eagerly imported
Some industry in India to create the thread and cloth
But not rapid growth until end of 20th C

24. Industrialization Spreads: China
Rejected most things Western
Some industry for railroads
Continued with peasant labor and hand-made items
Industrial powers take advantage of China’s weak gov’t and forced open trade regions (spheres of influence)
US proposed “open door policy”

25. Industrialization Spreads: Other Areas
Ottoman Empire
Limited progress
Gov’t misread the impact of industry in West
Africa
Remained provider of raw materials
Little to no industry allowed

26. Social Effects of the Industrial Revolution

27. Western Europe and the U.S.
Rapid changes made in “western” regions affected the economy and everyday life
Movement of workers from rural areas to cites in search of work due to Agricultural Revolution (loss of job) or desire of change
Rise of wages caused factory work to be “man’s work”
When factories became more efficient they required fewer workers (women and children no longer needed)
But children still used in agriculture and mining

28. Western Europe and the U.S.
Wages rising brings about a new social class
Middle class
Group lies between rich and poor
Always existed but grew exponentially as Ind Rev grew
Traditional family structure emerges
Women expected to marry and stay home raising children
Urban families had fewer children that farm families
Single women entered employment as teachers

29. Western Europe and the U.S.
Closer to 20th century women began to enter the business world as secretaries and telephone operators
Women allowed to vote only after WWI (1918)
Fewer children required in factories as laborers caused gov’ts in the “west” to establish compulsory education laws

30. Western Europe and the U.S.
Cities developed and grew bigger than ever in history
Mass migration to cities caused deplorable conditions
Overcrowded housing
Pollution
High crime rates
These conditions lead to sweeping changes in gov’t policies

31. Western Europe and the U.S.
Art and literature changed as well
Left the Romantic era of art and shifted to Realism
Invention of the camera
Development of artistic style of Impressionism
Deliberately unfocused scenes of nature
Charles Dickens
Oliver Twist
David Copperfield
A Christmas Carol

32. Latin America Limited impact of Ind Rev
Social structures and gender roles continued status quo
Mass migration of Europeans to Latin America
Japanese immigrants came to western South America as laborers

33. Multinational Corporations

34. Global Markets demand machine-made goods
Large banks loan $$ for foreign investments
British East India & Dutch East India – first 2
United Fruit Corporation - bananas
Exchange of goods & money caused economies to grow fast
Established gold standard for world currencies

35. The “Second Industrial Revolution”

36. From Steam to Gas 2nd half of 19th century pace of advancement sped up
Focus now on gas or diesel engine rather than steam
More inventions related to electrical systems, scientific discoveries and medicine
All inventions could be applied to warfare

37. Communication Invention of the telegraph in 1840s Telephone in 1876
telegraph cable laid under Atlantic from Britain to North America late 1850s
By 1870s across the Pacific
1902 entire British Empire connected
Telephone in 1876
Popular because it required no special training and was right there in the home
Radio developing

38. Transportation Steam boat and steam train Electric trolley car
Subway systems
Automobile invented in GERMANY in 1880s
Mostly experimental device

39. Science and Medicine Modern chemistry began in this era
systematic studies of chemical compounds and composition of matter
Developing compounds in labs
Fertilizers

40. Science and Medicine
Government oversight of programs to provide citizens with healthier lives
Clean drinking water
Advances in medicine
Smallpox and rabies vaccinations
Sterilization of surgical instruments
Use of anesthetics during surgery
Aspirin

41. Science and Medicine Science and Faith cross Charles Darwin
Natural selection
Humans and apes have similar characteristics
Begun furious debates about the nature of humanity
Survival of the fittest in the animal kingdom transferred to human civilization
SOCIAL DARWINISM
Wherein the superior races must naturally defeat inferior ones