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1. What are the differences in climate within the UK?

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Presentation on theme: "1. What are the differences in climate within the UK?"— Presentation transcript:

1 Unit 2 Physical Options Uned 2 Opsiynau Ffisegol 8 Weather and climate 8 Tywydd a hinsawdd
1. What are the differences in climate within the UK? 1. Beth yw’r gwahaniaethau yn hinsawdd o fewn y DU? 1.1 What factors create the variations in weather and climate experienced within and around the British Isles? 1.1 Pa ffactorau sy’n creu’r amrywiadau o dywydd a hinsawdd a welir o fewn ac o gwmpas yr Ynysoedd Prydeinig?

2 Beth ydy aergorff? What is an air mass?
Aergorff ydy mas mawr o aer gyda tymheredd a / neu lleithder tebyg An air mass is a large body of air with similar temperature and/or humidity. Mae aergyrff yn ffurfio mewn tarddleoedd mawr sy’n rhoi eu nodweddion i’r aer. Air masses form in stable “source regions” such as in the sub tropics or near to the poles.

3 Air masses affecting the USA Aergyrff sy’n effeithio ar yr UDA

4 5 aergorff mawr sy’n effeithio ar yr Ynysoedd Prydeinig
5 main air masses affect the British Isles

5 Enwi aergyrff Air mass classification
Trofannol Arforol cynnes a gwlyb Tropical Maritime mild and moist Trofannol Cyfandirol poeth a sych Tropical Continental warm and dry Pegynnol Arforol claear a gwlyb Polar Maritime cool and moist Pegynnol Cyfandirol oer a sych Polar Continental cold and dry Arctig Arforol oer iawn a gwlyb Arctic Maritime cold and moist

6 Tropical Maritime Trofannol Arforol
Tm air masses come from the south west and originate over the Azores or the Caribbean. They bring mild, damp, cloudy weather. Mae aergyrff trofannol arforol yn dod o’r de orllewein ac yn cychwyn dros Ynysoedd yr Azores neu Fôr y Caribî. Maent yn dod â thywydd mwyn, llaith cymylog.

7 Tropical Continental Trofannol Cyfandirol
Tc air masses come from the south and originate over dry northern Africa . They bring hot, dry weather and summer heatwaves. Mae aergyrff trofannol cyfandirol yn dod o’r de gan gychwyn dros Ddiffeithwch y Sahara. Maent yn dod â thywydd poeth a sych a thonwresi yn ystod yr haf.

8 Polar Maritime Pegynol Arforol
Pm air masses come from the north-west and originate over the north Atlantic. They bring cool, moist conditions. Mae aergyrff pegynol arforol yn dod o’r gogledd orllewin ac yn cychwyn dros Gogledd Môr yr Iwerydd. Maent yn dod â chyflyrau claear a llaith.

9 Polar Continental Pegynol Cyfandirol
Pc air masses come from the east and originate over Scandinavia and Russia . They bring clear dry conditions - cold in winter, warm in summer. Mae aergyrff pegynol cyfandirol yn dod o’r dwyrain ac yn cychwyn dros Sgandinafia neu Rwsia. Maent yn dod â chyflyrau clir a sych – oer iawn yn y gaeaf a chynnes yn yr haf.

10 To remind ourselves: when air is rising it is low air pressure when air is falling it is high air pressure. Er mwyn ein hatgoffa: pan mae aer yn codi mae’r gwasgedd yn isel pan mae’r aer yn suddo mae’r gwasgedd yn uchel

11 High Pressure or Anticyclone Gwasgedd uchel neu antiseiclon
Gentle pressure gradient – widely spaced isobars = gentle winds Graddiant gwasgedd esmwyth – isobarrau pell ar wahân = gwyntoedd ysgafn Clockwise winds Gwyntoedd clocwedd Mae’r syniad o raddiant gwasgedd yn un pwysig iawn ac yn hawdd iawn i weld ar fap tywydd oherwydd bod yr isobarrau yn bell ar wahân gyda graddiant esmwyth ac yn agos at ei gilydd gyda graddiant serth.

12 Wind strength depends on the difference in pressure between the high and low pressure systems, and the distance between them. This is called the PRESSURE GRADIENT; it is a similar concept to the physical slope between two places, shown on a contour map. Pressure is shown by ISOBARS on a weather map. Pressure difference essentially depends on the temperature difference between the two places. Farmers plant trees to protect orchards, houses, stock or prevent soil erosion A steep pressure gradient results from a large pressure difference or short distance between places and causes strong wind. Locally, wind is channelled down streets (wind canyons). Beach windbreaks reduce windsped by increasing friction Tornado in USA Strong polar winds due to low friction Hurricane in Florida Strong winds also occur in low latitudes due to stronger heating and steeper presure gradients. Hurricanes and tornadoes are both tropical phenomena.

13 Anticyclones are the opposite of depressions - they are areas of high atmospheric pressure, where the air is sinking. Mae antiseiclonau yn groes i ddiwasgeddau – maent yn ardaloedd o wasgedd atmosfferig uchel, ble mae’r aer yn suddo

14 As the air is sinking, not rising, no clouds or rain are formed
As the air is sinking, not rising, no clouds or rain are formed. This is because as the air sinks it warms - meaning it can hold more water. Oherwydd bod yr aer yn suddo, does dim cymylau neu law yn cael eu ffurfio. Fel mae’r aer yn suddo mae’n cynhesu, sy’n golygu ei fod yn gallu dal mwy o ddŵr. The absence of fronts means winds may be very light. Does dim ffryntiau tywydd sy’n golygu bod y gwyntoedd yn ysgafn

15 Consequently, high pressure areas are often associated with settled, dry and bright conditions.
Felly rydym yn cysylltu ardaloedd o wasgedd uchel efo chyflyrau sefydlog (sy’n parhau am ddyddiau neu wythnosau), sych a golau. In summer, anticyclones bring dry, hot weather. In winter, clear skies may bring cold nights and frost. Yn ystod yr haf, mae antiseiclonau yn dod â thywydd sych a phoeth (tonwresi – heatwaves). Yn ystod y gaeaf gallai awyr clir ddod â nosweithiau oer a barrug.

16 In cold conditions anticyclones may also bring fog and mist, as the cold forces moisture in air to condense at low altitudes. Pan mae’n oer gall antiseiclonau hefyd ddod â niwl, gan fod y tymheredd oer orfodi lleithder yn yr aer i gyddwyso, yn arbennig yn agos at y ddaear.

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18 Anticyclones Antiseiclonau Winter Gaeaf Summer Haf Pressure Gwasgedd
Temperature Tymheredd Clouds/Rainfall Cymylau/glaw Wind Gwynt Other weather conditions Cyflyrau tywydd eraill High Uchel High Uchel Very cold Oer iawn Very Warm Cynnes iawn No, but hot weather may trigger thunderstorms Na, ond gall tywydd poeth achlosi stormydd No! Na! Calm Gosteg (dim gwynt) Calm Gosteg (dim gwynt) Heatwaves and drought Tonwresi a sychder Frost & Fog Barrug a niwl

19 Problems of anticyclonic weather Problemau o dywydd antiseclonig
Winter Damage to crops Increase in road traffic accidents Sporting events cancelled Summer Drought Poor air quality Water shortages Heat related deaths Problemau o dywydd antiseclonig Gaeaf Difrod i gnydau Cynnydd mewn damweiniau ffyrdd Canslo digwyddiadau chwaraeon Haf Sychder Ansawdd aer isel Diffyg dŵr Marwolaethau sy’n gysylltiedig â gwres

20 HIGH PRESSURE CLEAR SKIES LITTLE WIND High Pressure means that air tends to sink. Sinking air is compressed, warms up as a result and its relative humidity falls below saturation. Any clouds evaporate. Rainfall is unlikely, apart from occasional short, intense convectional storms due to insolation with lack of clouds in daytime. In Britain, high pressure systems have clear skies, little or no wind, little rainfall and tend to be stable and slow moving. Visibility is intially good, but rapidly deteriorates as dust is trapped by sinking air and is not washed out by rainfall. Cloud cover is slight, resulting in a high diurnal ranges of temperature (hot days, cold nights). Due to the trapped dust particles and cold nights, dew, frost, fog or smog are common. Air quality is low as all forms of pollution are retained in the lower atmosphere. FEW CLOUDS VISIBILITY IS POOR FOG & SMOG IS COMMON CLEAR SKIES CAUSE FROST VISIBLITY REMAINS BETTER IN MOUNTAINS - LESS POLLUTION

21 Low Pressure Systems Systemau gwasgedd isel
Depressions or Mid-Latitude Cyclones Diwasgeddau neu seiclonau lledred canol

22 Diwasgedd – system gwasgedd isel
gwasgedd aer mewn milibarrau isobarrau ffrynt cynnes glawiad ffrynt oer Isobars are close together (and the pressure is lowest in the middle) meaning a steep pressure gradient and high wind speeds. Two rapid changes in the weather (weather fronts) occur. Rising air cools and condenses to form rain along the fronts. Mae’r isobarrau yn agos at ei gilydd (a’r gwasgedd ar ei isaf yn y canol) sy’n golygu graddiant gwasgedd serth a gwyntoedd cryf. Mae dau newid sydyn yn y tywydd (ffryntiau tywydd) yn digwydd. Mae aer yn codi ac anwedd dŵr yn cyddwyso i ffurfio glaw ar hyd y ffryntiau.

23 Winds are anti-clockwise and spiral into the middle.
Mae gwyntoedd yn wrth-glocwedd ac yn troelli tuag at y canol.

24 Notice the spiral of cloud visible on the satellite image (it’s a weather front).
Sylwch ar y sbiral o gymylau sy’n weladwy ar y llun lloeren (ffrynt tywydd ydyw).

25 Ffrynt ydy ble mae 2 aergorff yn cyfarfod
Ffrynt ydy ble mae 2 aergorff yn cyfarfod. Gall y tywydd newid yn sydyn pan mae ffrynt yn pasio drosodd. A front is where 2 airmasses meet. The weather can change quickly when a front passes

26 Sut rydym yn gwybod pan mae ffrynt o gwmpas
Sut rydym yn gwybod pan mae ffrynt o gwmpas? Yn aml mae llinell o gymylau sy’n dod â newid yn y tywydd. How do we know when a front is near? Often there is a line of clouds which brings change in the weather. Newid yn y tymheredd Change in temperature Newid yng nghyfeiriad y gwynt Change in wind direction Newid yn y cymylau a pha mor wlyb mae’r aer. Change in clouds and air moisture

27 Aergorff pegynnol arforol
Polar maritime airmass SECTOR OER COLD SECTOR Aergorff pegynnol cyfandirol Polar continental airmass Ffrynt oer Cold front SECTOR OER COLD SECTOR SECTOR CYNNES WARM SECTOR Aergorff trofannol arforol Tropical maritime airmass Ffrynt cynnes Warm front Mae’r ffryntiau yn symud y ffordd yma The fronts are moving this way

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29 Patrwm y tywydd ar draws ffryntiau
Pattern of clouds across fronts Sector cynnes Warm sector Ffrynt oer Cold front Ffrynt cynnes Warm front AER OER Cold air Sector oer Cold sector AER CYNNES Warm air AER OER Cold air Sector oer Cold sector Use the next few slides to build up a picture of the sorts of clouds that are found across a depression. Defnyddiwch y sleidiau nesaf i adeiladu llun o’r mathau o gymylau a geir ar draws diwasgedd.

30 Ffrynt cynnes ar y ffordd Warm air on the way
Yma mae aergorff cynnes yn gwthio yn erbyn aergorff oer. Here a warm airmass pushes against a cold airmass Fel mae’r aer yn codi mae’n oeri a chymylau’n ffurfio As the air rises it cools and clouds form

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32 CIRRUS

33 Thin wispy high clouds Cymylau blew geifr
Cirrus

34 ALTOSTRATUS

35 Thin and uniform Tenau a chyson
Altostratus

36 STRATUS

37 Uniform, thin to thick layered clouds, ill-defined
Cyson, tenau i drwchus, dim llawer o siâp Stratus

38 In the middle of the warm sector
Yng nghanol y sector cynnes CUMULUS

39 Low, puffy and piled up Isel, a chymylog!!
Cumulus

40 Yma mae aergorff oer yn gwthio yn erbyn aergorff cynnes.
Ffrynt oer ar y ffordd Cold front on the way Yma mae aergorff oer yn gwthio yn erbyn aergorff cynnes. Here a cold airmass pushes against a warm airmass Fel mae’r aer oer yn symud i fewn mae’r aer cynnes yn gorfod codi ac yn oeri gan ffurfio cymylau. As the cold air moves eastwards the warm air is forced to rise and cools forming clouds.

41 CUMULONIMBUS

42 Tall, fluffy angry looking grey clouds
Tal, cymylog ond llwyd a bygythiol Cumulonimbus

43 ALTOCUMULUS

44 Medium height, small puffy clouds, patchy lines
Uchder canolig, cymylau bach mewn llinellau toredig Altocumulus

45 Patrwm y tywydd ar draws ffryntiau
Pattern of weather across fronts Ffrynt oer Cold front Ffrynt cynnes Warm front AER CYNNES Warm air AER OER Cold air AER OER Cold air Glaw trwm Heavy rain Glaw man Drizzle

46 Patrwm y tywydd ar draws ffryntiau
Pattern of weather across fronts Ffrynt oer Cold front Ffrynt cynnes Warm front AER CYNNES Warm air AER OER Cold air AER OER Cold air Glaw trwm Heavy rain Glaw man Drizzle Cyfeiriad mae’r tywydd yn symud Direction the weather is moving Tywydd olaf Final weather Tywydd cyntaf Initial weather

47 Mae diwasgeddau yn dechrau, datblygu a marw dros gyfnod o wythnos
Mae diwasgeddau yn dechrau, datblygu a marw dros gyfnod o wythnos. Mae ffrithiant rhwng aer cynnes o’r de ac aer oer o’r gogledd yn golygu eu bod yn dechrau troi o gwmpas ei gilydd nes bod y ffryntiau yn ffurfio. Maent yn tueddu symud o’r gorllewin i’r dwyrain. Depressions start, develop and die within a period of about a week. Friction between two air masses, warm from the south and cold from the north mean that they start to turn about each other until the fronts form. They tend to move from west to east. The cold front travels more quickly than the warm front so eventually catches it up. Eventally all of the warm sector air has left the ground forming an occluded front. Mae’r ffrynt oer yn teithio’n gynt na’r un cynnes felly mae’n ei ddal i fyny. Yn y pendraw bydd aer cynnes y sector cynnes i gyd wedi gadael y tir gan ffurfio ffrynt achludol.

48 Make sure you know the symbols for the three sorts of fronts.
Sicrhewch eich bod yn gwybod y symbolau am y tri math o ffryntiau.


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