1. Chapter 13: Psychological Disorders “
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
Chapter 13: Psychological Disorders “
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2. What do you think?
   A woman's mother died. After the funeral everyone went to the mother's house where everyone ate and remembered the mother. At the reception the woman noticed a man and fell head-over-heels in love with him. People kept occupying her time, talking to her about her mother. When she finally got free, she searched all over but the man had left.     The woman was so upset as she hadn't even gotten his name, she was so taken with him. Two weeks later, she killed her sister. Why did she kill her sister?
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3.     If you can answer the question correctly, you might potentially be a psychopath.
Answer: She killed her sister because she thought that since the man knew her mother and was at her funeral, maybe he knew her sister and would come to her funeral also. Then she could meet him.
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4. Medical Studentitis:
A form of “hypochondriasis” can occur when learning about abnormal psychology.
You may find that some of the symptoms we discuss in this chapter sound like something you have experienced.
This is normal; happens with medical students, too!
Note, though, that all psychological disorders involve exaggerations of normal tendencies.
If you can answer, “no” to the question, “Is this out of the norm for me?”, then you probably do not have a disorder! 
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6. What is Psychological Disorder?
Psychopathology – Any pattern of emotions, behaviors, or thoughts inappropriate to the situation and leading to personal distress or inability to achieve important goals (aka: mental illness, mental disorder)
Three classic signs of severe disorder:
Hallucinations
Delusions
Severe affective disturbances
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7. Indicators of Abnormality
Diagnosis depends on clinical judgment; typically, two or more indicators are cause for concern:
Distress
Unpredictability
Maladaptiveness
Unconventionality and undesirable behavior
Irrationality
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8. Distress/Emotional Discomfort
Prolonged anxiety
Overwhelmed to the point of losing concentration.
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9. Maladaptiveness
Others are afraid of the person due to person’s acts or behaviors
Person’s behavior interferes with own well-being (e.g. drinking heavily  job loss or endangerment to others on the road)
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10. Irrationality
Irrational speech (e.g. talking to someone who’s not there)
Talking in ways that are incomprehensible (e.g. “word salad”)
Behavior or emotional responses inappropriate to the situation (e.g. laughing at scene of a tragedy)
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11. Unpredictability
Erratic & inconsistent behavior from one event to next (e.g., happy one day then irritable/abusive the next  on a continual basis, not just one day)
Individual acts as though they are experiencing loss of control.
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12. Unconventionality and Socially Undesirable Behavior
Person behaves in ways that are statistically rare & violate social norms
Being “unusual” is not a sign of abnormality (e.g., green mohawk); however, if running around town wearing a green mohawk and nothing else, then that is abnormal.
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13. How is the Psychological Disorder viewed?
The medical model takes a “disease” view, while psychology sees psychological disorder as an interaction of biological, cognitive, social, and behavioral factors
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14. MEDICAL MODEL: THE GOOD AND THE BAD
Good: Says mental disorders are diseases that require specific treatments  created supportive “asylums” for the “insane”
Bad: “Doctor knows best”; patient has no part in helping with a treatment program  creates dependence on the doctor; drug therapy; little help with coping skills, etc.
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15. The Social-Cognitive-Behavioral Approach: PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL
Behavioral perspective – Abnormal behaviors acquired through behavioral learning – operant & classical conditioning
Cognitive perspective – Abnormal behaviors influenced by mental processes – how people perceive themselves and their relations with others
Social perspective -
Abnormal behaviors acquired through social
interactions
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16. The Biopsychology of Mental Disorder
Although most psychologists have reservations about the medical model, they do not deny the influence of biology on thought and behavior.
Genetic factors, brain injury, infection, and learning can lead to psychopathology
Believe there are links to GENETICS with MENTAL DISORDERS!
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17. How are Psychological Disorders Classified?
Most widely used system, found in the DSM-V, classifies disorders by their mental and behavioral symptoms (Slide 1)
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18. Overview of DSM-V Classification System (Slide 2)
DSM-V : (just replaced DSM-IV) Fifth edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
In multi-axial diagnosis, professionals look at entire person, not just “abnormal” behavior
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19. 5 Scale Diagnosis
Axis I – Clinical Disorders (can be changed through medication or symptoms can be treated)
Axis II – Personality disorders and Mental Retardation (cannot be changed)
Axis III – General Medical Conditions
Axis IV – Psychosocial and Environmental Problems
Axis V – Global Assessment of Functioning (on a scale of how the person is functioning at the time they are first seen – used as a comparative throughout treatment).
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20. Examples of Changes in Terms:
Neurotic Disorder or Neurosis: originally someone who was unhappy or dissastified, but not out of touch with reality
“Neurosis” term now called “disorder”
Psychotic Disorder or Psychosis: originally someone who was more severe than neurotic; had disturbances in perception & rational thinking
“Psychotic” now refers to having a loss of contact with reality
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21. What are the Consequences of Labeling People?
Ideally, accurate diagnoses lead to proper treatments, but diagnoses may also become labels that depersonalize individuals and ignore the social and cultural contexts in which their problems arise
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22. Rosenhan’s Experiment: Video
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23. The Plea of Insanity
Insanity – A legal term, not a psychological or psychiatric one, referring to a person who is unable, because of a mental disorder or defect, to confirm his or her behavior to the law
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24. Mood Disorders
Major depression – Form of depression, does not alternate with mania
Bipolar disorder – Mental abnormality involving swings of mood from mania to depression
Unipolar disorder – Staying in one state (usually depression) for an extended period of time  MOST COMMON!
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) – Believed to be caused by deprivation of sunlight
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acon 2007

25. Anxiety Disorders, 1
Generalized anxiety disorder – Persistent and pervasive feelings of anxiety, without any external cause
Panic disorder – Panic attacks that have no connection to events in a person’s present experience
Agoraphobia – Fear of public places/open spaces
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26. Anxiety Disorders, 2
Phobias– Group of anxiety disorders involving a pathological fear of specific object or situation
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder – Condition characterized by patterns of persistent, unwanted thoughts and behaviors
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27. Somatoform Disorders, 1
Somatoform disorders – Psychological problems appearing in as bodily symptoms or physical complaints
Conversion disorder – Marked by paralysis, weakness, or loss of sensation, but with no discernable physical cause
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28. Somatoform Disorders
Glove Anesthesia
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29. Somatoform Disorders, 2
Hypochondriasis – Somatoform disorder involving excessive concern about health and disease
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30. Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative disorders – Group of pathologies involving “fragmentation” of the personality
Dissociative amnesia
Dissociative fugue
Depersonalization disorder
Dissociative identity disorder
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31. Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative amnesia
A psychologically induced loss of memory for personal information
Dissociative fugue
Depersonalization disorder
Dissociative identity disorder
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32. Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative amnesia
Dissociative fugue
Dissociative amnesia with the addition of “flight” from one’s home, family, and job
Depersonalization disorder
Dissociative identity disorder
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33. Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative amnesia
Dissociative Fugue
Depersonalization disorder
Abnormality involving the sensation of mind and body having separated
Dissociative identity disorder
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34. Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative amnesia
Dissociative Fugue
Depersonalization disorder
Dissociative identity disorder
Condition in which the individual displays multiple identities
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35. Schizophrenic Disorders
Schizophrenia – Psychotic disorder involving distortions in thoughts, perceptions, and/or emotions
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36. Major Types of Schizophrenia
Disorganized
Catatonic
Paranoid
Undifferentiated
Residual
Positive
Negative
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37. Major Types of Schizophrenia
Features incoherent speech, hallucinations, delusions, and bizarre behavior
Disorganized
Catatonic
Paranoid
Undifferentiated
Residual Type
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38. Major Types of Schizophrenia
Disorganized
Catatonic
Involves stupor or extreme excitement
Paranoid
Undifferentiated
Residual Type
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39. Major Types of Schizophrenia
Disorganized
Catatonic
Paranoid
Prominent feature: combination of delusions and hallucinations
Undifferentiated
Residual Type
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40. Major Types of Schizophrenia
Disorganized
Catatonic
Paranoid
Undifferentiated
Persons displaying a combination of symptoms that do not clearly fit in one of the other categories
Residual Type
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41. Major Types of Schizophrenia
Disorganized
Catatonic
Paranoid
Undifferentiated
Residual Type
Individuals who have had a past episode of schizophrenia but are free of symptoms
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42. Major Types of Schizophrenia
Positive Schizophrenia
Any form in which the person displays active symptoms (e.g. delusions, hallucinations)
Negative Schizophrenia
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43. Major Types of Schizophrenia
Positive Schizophrenia
Negative Schizophrenia
Any form distinguished by deficits, such as withdrawal and poverty of thought processes
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44. Possible Causes of Schizophrenia
Variety of factors including genetics, abnormal brain structure, and biochemistry
Diathesis-stress hypothesis – Genetic factors place the individual at risk, but environmental stress factors transform this potential into an actual schizophrenic disorder
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45. Anderson Cooper’s Schizophrenia Experiment
 VIDEO
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46. Personality Disorders, 1
Personality disorders – Chronic, pervasive, inflexible, & maladaptive pattern of thinking, emotion, social relationships, or impulse control
Narcissistic personality disorder – Grandiose sense of self-importance; a preoccupation with fantasies of success and power, & need for constant attention
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47. Personality Disorders, 2
Antisocial personality disorder – Long-standing pattern of irresponsible behavior, lack of conscience, & diminished sense of responsibility to others
Borderline personality disorder – Unstable personality given to impulsive behavior
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48. Adjustment Disorders and Other Conditions That May Be a Focus of Clinical Attention
Mild depression
Marital problems
Physical complaints
Academic problems
Parent-child problems
Job problems
Bereavement (intense grief)
Malingering
(fake illness to avoid work)
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49. Developmental Disorders, 1
Autism – Developmental disorder marked by disabilities in language, social interaction, & ability to understand another person’s state of mind
Dyslexia – Reading disability, thought by some experts to involve a brain disorder
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50. Developmental Disorders, 2
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder – Developmental disability involving short attention span, distractibility, & extreme difficulty in remaining inactive for any period
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51. Show what you know!
Sally has been telling people that she is the President of the United States when she clearly is not. She fully believes that she is and even goes to the White House and insists to the Secret Service that she be let in. Sally is experiencing what?
DELUSIONS
Johnny has been hearing voices that are not his own and not coming from other people. These voices are mean and tell him that people are out to get him. Johnny is experiencing what?
SCHIZOPHRENIA

52. PRISONER’S DILEMMA (GAME THEORY)
The prisoner's dilemma is a standard example of a game analyzed in game theory that shows why two completely "rational" individuals might not cooperate, even if it appears that it is in their best interests to do so.
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53. PRISONER’S DILEMMA EXAMPLE
Two members of a criminal gang are arrested and imprisoned. Each prisoner is in solitary confinement with no means of communicating with the other. The prosecutors lack sufficient evidence to convict the pair on the principal charge. They hope to get both sentenced to a year in prison on a lesser charge. Simultaneously, the prosecutors offer each prisoner a bargain. Each prisoner is given the opportunity either to: betray the other by testifying that the other committed the crime, or to cooperate with the other by remaining silent. The offer is:
If A and B each betray the other, each of them serves 2 years in prison
If A betrays B but B remains silent, A will be set free and B will serve 3 years in prison (and vice versa)
If A and B both remain silent, both of them will only serve 1 year in prison (on the lesser charge)
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54. PRISONER’S DILEMMA EXPLANATION
It is implied that the prisoners will have no opportunity to reward or punish their partner other than the prison sentences they get, and that their decision will not affect their reputation in the future. Because betraying a partner offers a greater reward than cooperating with them, all purely rational self-interested prisoners would betray the other, and so the only possible outcome for two purely rational prisoners is for them to betray each other.
The interesting part of this result is that pursuing individual reward logically leads both of the prisoners to betray, when they would get a better reward if they both kept silent. In reality, humans display a systemic bias towards cooperative behavior in this and similar games, much more so than predicted by simple models of "rational" self-interested action.

55. PRISONER’S DILEMMA EXAMPLE VIDEOS
Golden Balls
Nick and Rachel, Bachelor Pad
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