1. Mass Society and Democracy
Chapter Thirteen; Sections One and Two

2. The Second Industrial Revolution
First Industrial Revolution – Developments in textiles, railroads, iron and coal.
Second Industrial Revolution – Developments in steel, chemicals, electricity, and petroleum.
New Products:
Steel – Methods for shaping steel made it useful in creating lighter, smaller, and faster machines/engines.
Electricity – Major new form of energy; Easily converted into heat, light, and motion.
1870’s – First practical generators of hydroelectric current were developed.
1910 – Hydroelectric power stations and coal fired steam generating plants enabled homes and factories to be tied to a single, common source of power.

3. Because of Electricity……
Thomas Edison and Joseph Swan (Great Britian) – Lightbulb
Alexander Graham Bell – Telephone
Guglielmo Marconi – Radio waves across the Atlantic in 1901
Other developments:
Streetcars and subways in major European cities.
Factories were able to function at night to increase production.
Conveyer belts, cranes, and other machines could function through electricity.
The birth of factory shifts occurred due to electricity, as well.

4. Because of the Internal Combustion Engine…
Provided a new source of power for transportation:
Ocean liners with oil-fired engines.
Airplanes (Orville and Wilbur Wright)
First flight was in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina in 1903
First passenger service was established in 1919.
Gottlieb Daimler – Created an internal combustion engine in 1885.
In 1889, Daimler and Maybach produced an automobile powered by a gasoline engine that would travel 10 miles per hour.
In 1926, Daimler and Benz merged to form the Daimler-Benz company that would later create the Mercedes-Benz.
Henry Ford – Revolutionized the car industry in 1908 by using an assembly line to mass- produce his Model T car.
Assembly Line
Reduced the amount of time to produce a car
Reduced production costs, as well.

5. A World Economy
The Second Industrial Revolution, along with the growth in transportation by steamships and railroads, created a true world economy.
By 1900, Europeans were receiving:
Beef and wool from Argentina and Australia,
Coffee from Brazil,
Iron ore from Algeria,
And sugar from Java.
Due to its power and influence, Europe dominated the world economy by the beginning of the twentieth century.

6. Organizing the Working Classes
In hopes of improving their living and working conditions, many industrial workers decided to form socialist political parties and trade unions.
German Socialist Democratic Party (1875)
Acquired a position in German Parliament.
By 1912, it became the largest single party in Germany.
Second International (1889)
An association of national socialist groups (worldwide) that would fight against capitalism worldwide.
The First International had failed in 1872.
Marxist parties were divided over their goals:
Pure Marxists – Capitalism would be overthrown in violent revolution.
Revisionists – Didn’t believe in revolution; Utilize the political systems.

7. New Urban Environment Urban populations continued to grow due to:
Migrations to cities from rural areas (urbanization).
Lack of jobs and lack of land drove people to find jobs in the city.
Living conditions in the cities began to improve
Cities created “boards of health” to improve the quality of housing.
New buildings required running water and internal drainage systems.
Creation of sewage systems.

8. Social Structure of Mass Society
The New Elite
5% of the population; Controlled 30% to 40% of the wealth.
Landed aristocrats joined with successful merchants, bankers, and industrialists to form this new social class.
The Middle Classes
Upper Middle Class
Middle Class (lawyers, doctors, engineers, etc.)
Lower Middle Class (small shopkeepers, traders, prosperous peasants)
New White Collar Class (book keepers, secretaries, salespeople, etc.)
The Working Classes
80% of the European population
Landholding peasants, farm laborers, sharecroppers
Urban Working Class (skilled artisans, semi-skilled laborers)
Some in this class were unskilled laborers, as well.
Domestic servants were also located within this social class.

9. Experiences of Women New Job Opportunities
Clerks Sales Clerks Social Services Secretaries
Typists Telephone Operators Teachers File Clerks
Marriage remained the only honorable career and family was the central institution in middle class life.
Size of the family began to decline for the first time due to the use of birth control.
Feminism – The movement for women’s rights.
Enlightenment and the doctrine of natural rights.
Married women won the right to own property in 1870.
Some women gained access to universities.
Some women entered in the nursing field. (Sieveking – Germany; Nightengale – Britain; Barton- U.S.)
Women’s Social and Political Union (1903) – Emmeline Pankhurst

10. Universal Education
Between 1870 – 1914, most countries began to set up state- financed primary schools.
Ages required
Teacher Education Programs
Why?
Need for trained, skilled labor
New Job Opportunities
Political Motivation
Better Educated Voters
Education = Patriotism
Improved Nationalism
Demand for Teachers
Most women
Considered part of their “natural role”
First women colleges were basically teacher prep schools.
Results
Increase in literacy
Rise of mass newspapers
“Sensationalistic”