1. Asexual reproduction (1 parent, mitosis)
Fig. 13-2a
0.5 mm
Parent
Bud
Asexual reproduction
(1 parent, mitosis)
(a) Hydra

2. (asexual reproduction)
Bacteria
Binary fission
(asexual reproduction)

3. DNA – lots of it in a small space
Chromosome
Know how to
label
chromatin

4. Fig. 12-UN3

5. that control the cell cycle. They create chemical “checkpoints”
Fig
G1 checkpoint
The cell cycle
Cyclins are proteins
that control the cell cycle.
They create chemical
“checkpoints”
through-
out the
process.
Control
system S G1 G2 M
M checkpoint
G2 checkpoint

6. G1 S Cytokinesis Mitosis G2 MITOTIC (M) PHASE Prophase Telophase and
Fig. 12-UN1
INTERPHASE G1 S
Cytokinesis
Mitosis G2
MITOTIC (M) PHASE
Prophase
Telophase and
Cytokinesis
Prometaphase
Anaphase
Metaphase

7. cytokinesis Fig. 12-9 Vesicles forming cell plate Wall of parent cell
Cleavage furrow
Cell plate
New cell wall
Contractile ring of
microfilaments
Daughter cells
Daughter cells
(a) Cleavage of an animal cell (SEM)
(b) Cell plate formation in a plant cell (TEM)

8. What is the haploid number for each? Symbol for haploid? What kind
of cells are haploid?

9. Karyotyping The process of creating a graphic display of chromosomes
Fig. 13-3
APPLICATION
Karyotyping
The process
of creating a graphic
display of
chromosomes
from a cell to
determine
abnormal chromosome
number. Homologues
are paired up and
arranged in
descending
order according to
length.
TECHNIQUE
5 µm
Pair of homologous
replicated chromosomes
Centromere
Sister
chromatids
Metaphase
chromosome

10. Know the terms Key Maternal set of chromosomes (n = 3) hapolid #
Fig. 13-4
Know the terms
Key
Maternal set of
chromosomes (n = 3) hapolid #
2n = 6
Diploid number
Paternal set of
chromosomes (n = 3)
Two sister chromatids
of one replicated
chromosome
Centromere
Two nonsister
chromatids in
a homologous pair
Pair of homologous
chromosomes
(one from each set)

11. Multicellular diploid adults (2n = 46)
Fig. 13-5
Key
Haploid gametes (n = 23)
Haploid (n)
The relationship
between mitosis
and meiosis
Egg (n)
Diploid (2n)
Sperm (n)
MEIOSIS
FERTILIZATION
Ovary
Testis
Diploid
zygote
(2n = 46)
Mitosis and
development
Multicellular diploid
adults (2n = 46)

12. Recombinant chromosomes
Fig
Prophase I
of meiosis
Nonsister
Chromatids
Homologous
pair
Centromere
TEM
Anaphase I
Anaphase II
Daughter
cells
Recombinant chromosomes

13. Replicated chromosome
Fig. 13-9a
MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
MEIOSIS I
Parent cell
Chromosome
replication
Chromosome
replication
Prophase I
Prophase
Homologous
chromosome
pair
2n = 6
Replicated chromosome
Metaphase
Metaphase I
Anaphase
Telophase
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Haploid
n = 3
Daughter
cells of
meiosis I 2n 2n
MEIOSIS II
Daughter cells
of mitosis n n n n
Daughter cells of meiosis II

14. Fig. 13-9b SUMMARY Property Mitosis Meiosis DNA replication
Occurs during interphase before
mitosis begins
Occurs during interphase before meiosis I begins
Number of
divisions
One, including prophase, metaphase,
anaphase, and telophase
Two, each including prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and
telophase
Synapsis of
homologous
chromosomes
Does not occur
Occurs during prophase I along with crossing over
between nonsister chromatids; resulting chiasmata
hold pairs together due to sister chromatid cohesion
Number of
daughter cells
and genetic
composition
Two, each diploid (2n) and genetically
identical to the parent cell
Four, each haploid (n), containing half as many chromosomes
as the parent cell; genetically different from the parent
cell and from each other
Role in the
animal body
Enables multicellular adult to arise from
zygote; produces cells for growth, repair,
and, in some species, asexual reproduction
Produces gametes; reduces number of chromosomes by half
and introduces genetic variability among the gametes

15. DNA replication Meiosis I – PMAT to separate homologous pairs. Have
Fig. 13-UN3
DNA replication
Meiosis I –
PMAT to
separate
homologous
pairs. Have
2 cells.
Meiosis II – before it
starts, NO DNA replication.
PMAT separates sister
chromatids. Four haploid
cells produced. No pairs
of chromosomes.

16. Fig. 13-UN4

17. NONDISJUCTION
Failure of a particular chromosome to separate properly during meiosis.
Can happen in meiosis I if a particular homologous pair fails to separate.
Can happen in meiosis if sister chromatids of a particular chromosome fail to separate
Remember the term nondisjunction applies to abnormal gametes. In humans, abnormal egg or sperm would be 24 or 22 chromosomes.

18. Meiosis I Meiosis II Gametes (a) Nondisjunction of homologous
Fig
Meiosis I
Nondisjunction
Meiosis II
Nondisjunction
Gametes
Figure Meiotic nondisjunction
n + 1
n + 1
n – 1
n – 1
n + 1
n – 1 n n
Number of chromosomes
(a) Nondisjunction of homologous
chromosomes in meiosis I
(b) Nondisjunction of sister
chromatids in meiosis II

19. NONDISJUNCTION produces abnormal gametes
Fertilization involving an abnormal gamete results in a zygote with an abnormal number of a particular chromosome
Ex) Down’s Syndrome – 3 copies of chromosome #21 instead of the normal 2 copies typically found in diploid cell.
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20. Monosomy and Trisomy are words we use to describe a zygote, not a gamete.
Monosomy: A monosomic zygote has only one copy of a particular chromosome. In humans an example would be Turner’s syndrome: Female child only has only 1 sex chromosome (X) in each diploid cell instead of XX, she has a total of 45 chromosomes in diploid cells instead of 46.
Trisomy: A trisomic zygote has three copies of a particular chromosome. In humans an example would be Down’s Syndrome: Child has 3 copies of chromosome 21 in all diploid cells for a total of 47.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

21. Polyploidy is common in plants, but not animals
Polyploidy is a condition in which a zygote has more than two complete sets of chromosomes.
Triploidy (3n) is three sets of chromosomes
Tetraploidy (4n) is four sets of chromosomes
Polyploidy is common in plants, but not animals
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

22. polyploidy

23. Fig a
Figure Down syndrome

24. Down’s Syndrome Karyotype See #21 chromosomes Fig. 15-16b
Figure Down syndrome

25. CVS
2 processes for collecting fetal
cells for karyotyping.

26. Abnormal # of Sex Chromosomes in a diploid cell
Nondisjunction of sex chromosomes during meiosis can result in: Klinefelter syndrome - the result of an extra chromosome in a male, producing XXY individuals
Monosomy X, called Turner syndrome, produces X0 females, who are sterile; it is the only known viable monosomy in humans
Poly X – 3 copies of XXX
Jacob Syndrome - XYY
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27. Alterations of Chromosome Structure
Breakage of a chromosome can lead to four types of changes in chromosome structure:
Deletion removes a chromosomal segment
Duplication repeats a segment
Inversion reverses a segment within a chromosome
Translocation moves a segment from one chromosome to another
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

28. Chromosomal mutations
Fig
A B C D E F G H
A B C E F G H
Deletion
(a)
A B C D E F G H
A B C B C D E F G H
Duplication
(b)
Chromosomal mutations
A B C D E F G H
A D C B E F G H
(c)
Inversion
Figure Alterations of chromosome structure
A B C D E F G H
M N O C D E F G H
(d)
Reciprocal
translocation
M N O P Q R
A B P Q R

29. Disorders Caused by Structurally Altered Chromosomes
The syndrome cri du chat (“cry of the cat”), results from a specific deletion in chromosome 5
A child born with this syndrome is mentally retarded and has a catlike cry; individuals usually die in infancy or early childhood
Certain cancers, including chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), are caused by translocations of chromosomes
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings