1. The Atlantic World
1300s-1800s

2. The Age of Exploration What was the Age of Exploration?
A time period when Europeans began to explore the rest of the world
How was this possible?
Improvements in mapmaking, shipbuilding, rigging, and navigation made long voyages possible
Why do European countries explore?
Policy of mercantilism drives exploration
Finding new trade routes and trading “partners” were paramount

3. Earlier Explorations Islam & the Spice Trade  Malacca
A New Player  Europe
Nicolo, Maffeo, & Marco Polo, 1271
Expansion becomes a state enterprise  monarchs had the authority & the resources.
Better seaworthy ships.
Chinese Admiral Zheng He & the Ming “Treasure Fleet”

4. Admiral Zheng He
Each ship was 400’ long and 160’ wide!

5. A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492

6. Motives for European Exploration
Crusades  by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia.
Renaissance  curiosity about other lands and peoples.
Reformation  refugees & missionaries.
Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.
Technological advances.
Fame and fortune.

7. New Maritime Technologies Better Maps [Portulan]
Hartman Astrolabe (1532)
Mariner’s Compass
Sextant

8. New Weapons Technology

9. Prince Henry, the Navigator
School for Navigation, 1419

10. What is mercantilism?
Policy that stated there was a limited amount of money (gold and silver) in the world
Each country needed to grab what they can before it is gone
Export more than you import in order to create a favorable balance of trade
Colonies and markets were needed to keep everything in the system

11. Why did explorers explore?
Many reasons
Some reasons include:
To find a sea route to the spices of Asia
To find gold, silver, and precious stones
To expand their knowledge of the world
To control a larger empire
To expand Christianity
To find animal furs
“Gold, God, and Glory!”

12. Portuguese Maritime Empire
Exploring the west coast of Africa.
Bartolomeo Dias, 1487.
Vasco da Gama, 1498.
Calicut.
Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (Goa, 1510; Malacca, 1511).

13. The Explorers Portugal Vasco de Gama Ferdinand Magellan
Landed in India in 1498
Established an important trade route from Europe to India and the East Indies
Ferdinand Magellan
His crew completed the first circumnavigation of the world in 1525
Magellan was killed in the Philippines

14. Voyage of Vasco de Gama

15. Magellan’s Voyage

16. The Explorers Spain Christopher Columbus
Believed he could reach the Indies faster by traveling west…found North America instead
Established the Columbian Exchange
A massive exchange of goods, plants, animals and diseases
Exchange between New and Old Worlds

17. Columbian Exchange

18. Why would the
'Columbian Exchange'
be considered the
tsunami of
unintentional
"bio-terrorism"??

19. The Struggle over the New World
European countries fought for control of the New World and its natural resources
New World provided for opportunities for great wealth
Colonizing European powers:
France
England
Spain
Portugal

21. Struggle Turns to Conflict
England wanted more land in the New World
First defeated the Dutch
Dispute over lands in the Ohio Valley led to a war in 1754
This began the Seven Years’ War with France
The battle in the New World was known as the French an Indian War

23. The Conquistadors Spain Hernan Cortes in Mexico
Able to defeat the mighty Aztec Empire
Used superior weapons, allies, and disease
96% of the Aztec population died from
From 25 million to less than 1 million

24. Cortes and the Aztecs Montezuma believed that Cortes was a god
Invaded Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan in 1520
Was aided by Malinche a native woman translator

25. The Conquistadors Francisco Pizzaro in Peru
Arrived in South America in 1532
Defeated the Incan Empire (80,000 soldiers)
Ambushed and kidnapped the Incan ruler
Received a ransom then strangled and killed him anyway

26. Pizzaro and the Inca Incan ruler was Atahualpa
Spanish ambushed unarmed Incan soldiers and captured Atahualpa
Pizarro was offered a room full of gold and silver, which he accepted
The Spanish then strangled Atahualpa

27. The Death of Atahualpa

28. Francisco Pizzaro

29. Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New World
Encomienda or forced labor.
Council of the Indies.
Viceroy.
New Spain and Peru.
Papal agreement.

30. The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Guadalajara Cathedral
Our Lady of Guadalupe
Guadalajara Cathedral
Spanish Mission

31. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

32. Father Bartolome de Las Casas
New Laws  1542

33. Europeans in North America
Italian Giovanni de Verrazano discovered New York Harbor
1607 -The English settle Jamestown in Virginia
England’s 1st permanent settlement
Frenchman Samuel de Champlain founded “New France”
Today it is Quebec
Henry Hudson finds the “Hudson River”
Claims Manhattan Island for the Dutch

36. The Atlantic Slave Trade
Europeans needed slave labor in their colonies to grow crops, mine, etc.
Native Americans were used, but many died due to disease
Death rate due to disease was extremely high
Africans replaced the Natives as the main source of slave labor for the Europeans
Completely changed the trade relationship between Europe and Africa

37. The Atlantic Slave Trade Timeline
Spain and Portugal began the trade s
Slave Trade grows dramatically
1690
England increases the Slave Trade
1870
The Atlantic Slave Trade ends

38. Atlantic Slave Trade Effects
Begins a system of “Triangular Trade”
Africa, Europe, and Americas all participate
African rulers and traders made deals with Europeans for slaves
Introduction of guns into African continent
Western African economy and empires crumbled
Slaves are transported through the “Middle Passage”

40. Triangular Trade

41. The Middle Passage

42. The Middle Passage The Slave Ships Once in the New World
The captain could be a “tight” or “loose” packer
“Tight” meant slaves would be placed lying on each other
Typically 20 percent or more Africans would die on the way to the New World
Disease, malnutrition, beatings, suicide
Once in the New World
Slaves were auctioned of to the highest bidder
This could easily separate families
Slavery was a life-long condition, as well as hereditary

43. The Middle Passage

44. Slavery in the New World
Slave Resistance
Slaves tried to keep their cultural heritage
Musical traditions
Ancestral stories
Slave Rebellion
Often broke tools or worked slowly
Many ran away
Numerous revolts throughout the years

45. The Growth of Global Trade
Economic systems of Europe drastically changed
Colonial empires that stretched through multiple continents led to a new business and trade practices
Capitalism
Joint-Stock Companies

46. What is Capitalism?
Economic system based on private ownership and the investment of resources, such as money, for profit
Economic system where things are owned by people or an individual, not by a government
Profits allow individuals and businesses to become extremely wealthy, not just the government

47. What is a Joint-Stock Company?
A business in which a number of investors combine their wealth for a common purpose
Very similar to a modern-day corporation
Early on in the s the purpose was colonization
Overseas colonies were very expensive, but could be very profitable

48. Changes in European Society
Exploration and colonization led to an economic growth and boom in Europe
Spurred the growth of towns and cities
Rise of the merchant class with great wealth
European nations became very wealthy
Power monarchs increased greatly
Majority of Europeans still remained poor and rural
THE END

49. Impact of European Expansion
Native populations ravaged by disease.
Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate. [“Price Revolution”]
New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”].
Deepened colonial rivalries.