1. Scientific Revolution

2. Explain the concepts of geocentric and heliocentric theories.
Do Now
Explain the concepts of geocentric and heliocentric theories.

3. Objectives
Identify the factors that contributed to the Scientific Revolution
Explain how Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo challenged traditional thought
Identify the accomplishments of Isaac Newton and who’s works did he use to achieve them
Identify some of the important scientist of the period and their discoveries.

4. Terms Scientific Revolution Geocentric theory Heliocentric theory
Universal law of gravitation
Scientific method
Inductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning
Sphere

5. The Factors that contributed to the Scientific Revolution
Renaissance/Reformation
Began to question old belief/ the teachings of the church
People were no longer content to explain the world in terms of religious thought, magic or ideas of ancient writers
Use of experiments and mathematics to answer question about the natural world
New instruments emerged
Scientific Method

6. From Magic to Science
Until the 1500s there was little difference between science and magic
Before believed that Alchemists could use spells and magic formulas to try to change one substance into another
Astrologers believed that positions of planets would influence human life

7. Natural Philosophers
Natural Philosophers (medieval scientists) relied on religion and the works of the ancient Greeks and Romans to explain the natural world
Began to change w/ the Renaissance
Early investigators in solving ancient problems in astronomy, physics, and anatomy created a new way of thinking that no longer relied on magic

8. Time of Change
Renaissance encouraged curiosity as well as the search for new ideas
During the Renaissance people began to question old ideas and beliefs
People were no longer content to explain the world in terms of religious thought, magic or ideas of ancient writers
Use of experiments and mathematics to answer question about the natural world
Would lead to the Scientific Revolution

9. Scientific Revolution
Transformation in thinking that occurred during the 1500s and 1600s caused by scientific observation, experiments and mathematical calculations to verify the results of the experiments

10. 1st mercury barometer (1643-1644)
New Instruments
During the1500s people began to question traditional opinions and began to observe and experiment for themselves.
Scientist had access to newly invented instruments:
1st mercury barometer ( )
barometer,
microscope,
thermometer,
air pump,
and telescope
Galileo's telescope, constructed in 1609
1st microscope, constructed around 1595
Galilean thermometer
1st vacuum pump, constructed in 1656

11. Scientific Method
Used scientific method to verify the results of an experiment
Scientific method:
method of inquiry that includes carefully conducted experiments and mathematical calculations to verify the results of experiments

12. Objectives
Identify the factors that contributed to the Scientific Revolution
Explain how Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo challenged traditional thought
Identify the accomplishments of Isaac Newton and who’s works did he use to achieve them
Identify some of the important scientist of the period and their discoveries.

13. Objectives
What the factors that contributed to the Scientific Revolution?
Renaissance/Reformati0n
People were no longer content to explain the world in terms of religious thought, magic or ideas of ancient writers
Use of experiments and mathematics to answer question about the natural world
New instruments emerged
Scientific Method

14. Nicolaus Copernicus
Astronomers believed in Ptolemy’s theory that the Earth was the center of the universe and other planets and the Sun moved around it:
Copernicus published a book titled On the Revolutions of Celestial Spheres in which he explained his heliocentric theory
Sun is the center of the universe
Geocentric theory

15. Nicolaus Copernicus Problem with the theory:
Could not test and prove the theory with the instruments or the mathematics that was available to him
Orbits were perfect circles

16. Geocentric vs Heliocentric
Ptolemy's Theory
Copernicus' Theory

18. Geocentric vs. Heliocentric
Heliocentric: “Sun-centered”
Geocentric: “Earth-centered”

19. Johannes Kepler Problem:
Used mathematics to test the heliocentric theory of Copernicus
Discovered the orbits of the planets were not exact circles, they were ovals called ellipses
Known as Kepler’s Three Laws of Planetary Motion
Problem:
Could not be observed; only mathematicians understood it

20. Copernicus vs. Kepler

21. Kepler's Three Laws of Planetary Motion
"The orbit of every planet is an ellipse with the sun at a focus.“
Planets travel around the sun in an ellipse
"A line joining a planet and the sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time.“
Planets move faster when they are closer to the sun
"The square of the orbital period of a planet is directly proportional to the third power of the semi- major axis of its orbit. Moreover, the constant of proportionality has the same value for all planets.“
Relates to the time it takes for a planet to complete an orbit around the sun

22. Galileo Galilei
Provided concrete evidence that the Earth revolves around the Sun.
Made a telescope and used it to disprove the geocentric theory

23. Sketches from Galileo 's Sidereus Nuncius (The Starry Messenger) 1610
Galileo's drawings of the moons of Jupiter of successive nights
A sketch of the sun made by Galileo in June 1613.
Galileo's drawings of phases of the Moon.

24. Dialogue on the Two Great Systems of the World.
Published findings in in Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems.
Church disapproved of the theory because it seemed to contradict the Bible
In 1633, the Inquisition summoned Galileo to Rome, where it ordered him to renounce his belief.

25. Dialogue on the Two Great Systems of the World.
Galileo was convicted of "grave suspicion of heresy" based on the book,
His book was placed on the Index of Forbidden Books, from which it was not removed until 1835
Galileo facing the Roman Inquisition by Cristiano Banti, 1857

26. Objectives
How did Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo challenged traditional thought?

27. Isaac Newton

28. Isaac Newton Published Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
combined and related the contributions of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo.
Book contained his law of motion and universal gravitation, which explained the movements of objects on the Earth as well as of the planets.

29. Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687) (known as Principia)
Newton's First Law of Motion: An object moving in a straight line will continue moving in a straight line, unless acted on by an outside force. Also, an object at rest will stay at rest. The word for this is inertia.
Newton's Second Law of Motion: Force will cause a change in the motion of an object. The change in motion depends on the amount of force and the mass of the object. There is a formula for this F=ma (force equals mass times acceleration).
Newton's Third Law of Motion: For each action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

30. Objectives
What the factors that contributed to the Scientific Revolution?
Renaissance/Reformation
People were no longer content to explain the world in terms of religious thought, magic or ideas of ancient writers
Use of experiments and mathematics to answer question about the natural world
New instruments emerged
Scientific Method

31. Review
Scientific Revolution: 1500s people began to question traditional opinions and began to observe and experiment for themselves.
Scientist had access to newly invented instruments:
barometer, microscope, thermometer, air pump, telescope
Used scientific method to verify the results of an experiment
Scientific method: method of inquiry that includes carefully conducted experiments and mathematical calculations to verify the results of experiments

32. Objectives
How did Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo challenged traditional thought?

33. Review
Ptolemy’s theory that the Earth was the center of the universe and other planets and the Sun moved around it:
Geocentric theory
Copernicus published a book in which he explained his theory. The book was titled
On the Revolutions of Celestial Spheres
Copernicus’ theory was called
heliocentric theory

34. Review Johannes Kepler: Galileo Galilei
Used mathematics to test the heliocentric theory of Copernicus
Discovered the orbits of the planets were not exact circles, they were ovals called ellipses
Kepler’s Three Laws of Planetary Motion
Galileo Galilei
Used a telescope and provided concrete evidence that the Earth revolves around the Sun.
Published findings in 1632 in Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems.

35. Review Isaac Newton: Published
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.
It combined and related the contributions of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo.

36. Objectives
Identify the factors that contributed to the Scientific Revolution
Explain how Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo challenged traditional thought
Identify the accomplishments of Isaac Newton and who’s works did he use to achieve them
Identify some of the important scientist of the period and their discoveries.

37. Do Now

38. Do Now Instructions Take out a sheet of paper
Put your Name, Date and Period #
Number your paper 1-4
Answer the following questions.
Do not talk or share your answers during this time.
You will have three minutes

39. Use the picture above to answer the following questions.
1-3. Identify the scientists who are responsible for the 3 models of the solar systems. (Write the name next to the number (1,2,3))
4. Based on the above illustrations, Identify the Theory (name /number and how were the three models of the solar system different.

40. Scientific Revolution: Questions for the Reading Material
Read the packet entitled The Scientific Revolution and answer the questions on the worksheet
The work will be picked up

41. Scientist of the Scientific Revolution

42. Objectives
Identify the factors that contributed to the Scientific Revolution
Explain how Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo challenged traditional thought
Identify the accomplishments of Isaac Newton and who’s works did he use to achieve them
Identify some of the important scientist of the period and their discoveries.

43. Andreas Vesalius (vi sā′lē əs)
Pioneered the study of anatomy.
Published On the Fabric of the Human Body
Helped people gain a visual understanding of the body and how it worked

44. William Harvey
Described the circulation of the blood through veins and arteries, the working of the heart, and the function of the blood vessels.
Circulatory system

45. Scientific “Orders”
New “orders” help spread knowledge of the development of the Scientific Revolution
Accademia dei Lincei in Rome
Federico Cesi
Royal Society in London
King Charles II
French Academy of Science in Paris
Louis XIV

46. Rene Descartes (day-KAHRT)
French philosopher and scientist who wrote In Discourse of Method
argued that everything had to be proved, except basic ideas that were true beyond doubt i.e.. he could think and that proved his existence
“I think, therefore I am”
"Father of Modern Philosophy“

47. Rene Descartes (day-KAHRT)
 Inventor of deductive reasoning:
All thought follows a clear orderly progression
Deductive reasoning or deduction, starts out with a general statement and examines the possibilities to reach a specific, logical conclusion

48. Deductive Reasoning
Researcher works from the more general information to the more specific
An example of a deductive argument:
1. All men are mortal.
2. Aristotle is a man.
3. Therefore, Aristotle is mortal.
1. states that all objects classified as "men" have the attribute "mortal".
2. states that "Aristotle" is classified as a "man" – a member of the set "men".
Conclusion :"Aristotle" must be "mortal" because he inherits this attribute from his classification as a "man".

49. Francis Bacon
English philosopher believed that only through observation and repeated experiments could theories be built.
Relied on truths that could demonstrate physically rather than thru deductive thinking or reasoning
Inductive reasoning
Published in Novum Organum (1620)
Scientific Method

50. Francis Bacon
Inductive reasoning is the opposite of deductive reasoning.
Inductive reasoning makes broad generalizations from specific observations. 
An inductive statement is derived using facts and instances which lead to the formation of a general opinion. 
E.g. “This marble from the bag is black. That marble from the bag is black. A third marble from the bag is black. Therefore all the marbles in the bag black.”
Since the first marble from the bag was black, the second was black and the third was black the conclusion reached is that all the marbles in the bag are black.

51. Other Scientific Discoveries
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (Lie-b-nits)
Developed calculus in 1675
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
(LAY-ven-hook)
Used microscope to discover bacteria (1670s)
Single-lens microscope from the ~1670s in which two screws allowed the distance from the lens and the up-and-down movement of the specimen to be adjusted.

52. Other Scientific Discoveries
Robert Boyle
Helped pioneer the modern science of chemistry (1662)
(Boyle’s Law amount of space gas takes up (in a room, tank, or balloon, for example) decreases as pressure is applied.)
Joseph Priestley
Discovered the element of oxygen in 1774

53. Other Scientific Discoveries
Antoine Lavoisier
(luhv-WAHZ-ee-ay)
Proved that matter can change form, but it can neither be destroyed nor created
Law of Conservation of Matter
Showed that fire resulted when a substance rapidly combined with oxygen
Steam mixes with air and becomes invisible

54. What are the 5 factors that contributed to the Scientific Revolution?
Renaissance/Reformation
People were no longer content to explain the world in terms of religious thought, magic or ideas of ancient writers
Use of experiments and mathematics to answer question about the natural world
New instruments emerged
Scientific Method

55. Name of this theory. Who came up with it?
Geocentric Theory
Ptolemy

56. Name of this theory. Who came up with it?
Heliocentric Theory
Copernicus

57. Name of this theory. Who came up with it?
Heliocentric Theory
Kepler

58. Review Identify the following works with the scientists
He wrote On the Revolutions of Celestial Spheres
He wrote the Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems
He came up the Three Laws of Planetary Motion
He published Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
Copernicus
Galileo
Kepler
Newton

59. Review
Describe some of the important scientific discoveries of this period
Described the circulatory system
Helped pioneer the modern science of chemistry
Discovered the element of oxygen in 1774
Developed calculus
Used microscope to discover bacteria
Law of Conservation of Matter
William Harvey
Robert Boyle
Joseph Priestley
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (Lie-b-nits)
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (LAY-ven-hook)
Antoine Lavoisier (luhv-WAHZ-ee-ay)

60. Review Describe some of the important philosophers of this period
Believed that only through observation and repeated experiments could theories be built.
Argued that everything had to be proved, except basic ideas that were true beyond doubt i.e.. he could think and that proved his existence
Francis Bacon
Rene Descartes (day-KAHRT)
“I think, therefore I am”

62. Flash Card Activity

63. Scientific Revolution
Name Period #
Front
Information
Back

64. Write the following term on index cards and define them
Scientific Revolution
Name Period #
Scientific Revolution
Scientific Method
Heliocentric Theory
Geocentric Theory
Five Factors that Contributed to the Scientific Revolution
Information

65. Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems.
Ptolemy
Nicolaus Copernicus
On the Revolutions of Celestial Spheres
Problem with Copernicus’ theory
Johannes Kepler
Three Laws of Planetary Motion
Problem with Kepler’s theory
Galileo Galilei
Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems.
Andreas Vesalius
On the Fabric of the Human Body
William Harvey
Isaac Newton
The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
Rene Descartes
Discourse on Method
“I think, therefore I am”
Deductive reasoning
Francis Bacon (Scientific Method)
Novum Organum
Inductive reasoning
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Anton van Leeuvenhoek
Robert Boyle
Joseph Priestley
Antoine Lavoisier

66. Method of inquiry that includes carefully conducted experiments and mathematical calculations to verify the results of experiments
Scientific Method 66

67. French philosopher and scientist who wrote In Discourse of Method
Rene Descartes 67

68. Geocentric Theory Ptolemy
Identify the theory and who came up with it. 68

69. Do Now

70. Do Now Instructions Define the following words: Astronomy Chemistry
Anatomy

71. Do Now
Astronomy: the branch of science that deals with celestial objects, space, and the physical universe as a whole.

72. Do Now
Chemistry : a science that deals with the structure and properties of substances and with the changes that they go through

73. Do Now
Anatomy: the branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living organisms

74. Write the name of each scientist in the correct circle
Kepler Harvey Copernicus Vesalius
Priestley Galileo Boyle Newton
Lavoisier

75. Take everything off the desk except your Flash Cards
Quiz
Take everything off the desk except your Flash Cards

76. Quiz
Take out your Flash Cards and be prepared to use them to complete a worksheet.

77. Scientific Revolution Chart

78. Create this chart on a separate paper and complete it
Scientist
Year
Discovery
Explanation of Discovery
Problems/Importance of Discovery/Name of Book (if any)
Ptolemy
About A.D. 100
Put forth the Geocentric theory
Said that the earth was the center of the universe
Nicholaus Copernicus
Early 1500s
Developed the Heliocentric theory
Johannes Kepler

79. Name of Scientists 1. Nicolaus Copernicus 2. Johannes Kepler
3. Galileo Galilei
4. Andreas Vesalius
5. William Harvey
6. Rene Descarte
7 Francis Bacon
8. Isaac Newton
9. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
10. Anton van Leeuvenhoek
11. Robert Boyle
12. Joseph Priestley
13. Antoine Lavoisier

80. Objectives
Identify the factors that contributed to the Scientific Revolution
Explain how Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo challenged traditional thought
Identify the accomplishments of Isaac Newton and who’s works did he use to achieve them
Identify some of the important scientist of the period and their discoveries.

81. What are the 5 factors that contributed to the Scientific Revolution?
Renaissance/Reformation
People were no longer content to explain the world in terms of religious thought, magic or ideas of ancient writers
Use of experiments and mathematics to answer question about the natural world
New instruments emerged
Scientific Method