2. Adjuvants
Chemical substance that can be added to a vaccine in order to enhance the immune response to the vaccine.

3. Licensed Types of Adjuvants
Aluminum Hydroxide
Aluminum Phosphate (Alum)
MF59 – oil/water emulsion, biodegradable squalene oil (4.3%) stabilized by two non-ionic surfactants (Tween 80 and Span 85), and a low ionic strength citrate buffer
AS04, 3-0-desacyl- 4'-monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) detoxified by mild hydrolytic treatment, alum absorbed
Aluminum Salts

4. Boosters
Periodic “booster” administration strengthens and lengthens duration of immunity

5. Routes of Administration
Intravenous
Intramuscular
Subcutaneous
Oral – liquids, foods
Intranasal

8. Reverse vaccinology

9. Reverse vaccinology methods
A comparison
Reverse vaccinology methods
computer analyzes specific microbe genome sequence to predict genes that code for surface proteins (possible vaccine)
computers can examine multiple microbial genomes to look for homologous proteins to create more accurate predictions
predicted genes are cloned into E. coli cultures for manufacturing of recombinant proteins – these are the potential vaccines
proteins are extracted from the E. coli cultures and tested in mice for the immune response of interest
Conventional methods
grow microbes in vitro
harvest microbial proteins that may have the potential to produce a vaccine
problem… many microbes are hard to cultivate in vitro

10. Conventional Vaccine Development
DNA recombinant technology
5 – 15 years

11. Reverse Vaccinology: Applying Genomics, Immunology & Engineering To Rapidly Assess Vaccine Candidates
High Throughput Gene
Expression
~ 6 months - 1 year