1. Moral Monday BW
Should patients be given refunds when a vaccine doesn’t work?

2. Adapted from: Project Lead The Way Making Vaccines powerpoint
Mrs. Stewart
Adapted from: Project Lead The Way Making Vaccines powerpoint

3. What is a Vaccine?
a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease

4. Types of Immunity Innate Acquired
Maybe she’s born with it
Acquired
Active: produced from exposure to antigens and development of antibodies
Passive: antibodies passed from one organism to another (eg: breastfeeding)
Herd - Individuals protected by immunity of the “herd”

5. Herd Immunity More immunity = decrease incidence of disease
With greater numbers immunized, it is less likely that an unimmunized person will encounter the pathogen.
Mass vaccination = indirect protection for those who do not/cannot receive the vaccine

6. Effective Vaccines
Protect against exposure to wild forms of pathogen

7. Effective Vaccines
Have low levels of side effects or toxicity.

8. Effective Vaccines Stimulate both types of immune responses:
1. an antibody/humoral response
B Cells release antibodies
2. a cell-mediated response
Antigen specific cytotoxic T-Cells & phagocytes

9. Effective Vaccines
Have long term, lasting effects that produce immunological memory.
Should not require numerous doses or boosters

10. Effective Vaccines Are inexpensive Have a long shelf life
Are easy to administer.

11. Routes of Administration
The majority of vaccines are administered by injection
Subcutaneous
Intramuscular
Intradermal
Oral and Nasal Spray vaccines are available for only a few diseases

12. Administration Routes

13. Types of Vaccines Live, Attenuated Killed or Inactivated Toxoid
Subunit
Genetically engineered
Naked DNA

14. Live, attenuated (weakened) cells (viruses)
longest-lasting and require fewest boosters
However, the disease agent could mutate back to pathogenic strength
Usually only for viruses (harder to make this type for bacteria)
Examples: MMR, Varicella zoster

15. Killed whole cells or inactivated viruses
Even though they are harmless, they still contain recognizable antigens on their surface
Because the microbe does not multiply, a weaker immune response is stimulated vs. live vaccines
larger doses and more boosters are required.
Example: Polio virus

16. Toxoid vaccines
A purified toxin produced by the pathogen is changed into a toxoid and used to elicit immune response.
Example: DTaP
Diptheria, Tetanus & acellular Pertussis

17. Subunit Vaccines
Subunit vaccines contain just the antigens of the microbe that best stimulate the immune system.
Antigens that have been separated from the rest of the microbe
Examples: Hepatitis B, Gardasil,

18. Genetically engineered or Naked DNA Vaccine
Genes for microbial antigens are inserted into a plasmid vector and are cloned in appropriate hosts.
The resultant protein product is used to provoke immune system.

19. Recombinant DNA Technology
Interactive site w/ animations

20. DNA vaccines
These vaccines contain all or part of the pathogen DNA, which is used to “infect” a recipient’s cells.

21. Common argument against vaccination: