1. Unit 5 Fresh and Saltwater Systems
Topic 1
A World of Water
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2. Scientists believe that life cannot exist without water
Salt water: high salt content like oceans and seas – about 97% of the earth’s water is salt water.
Fresh water: lakes, rivers, ponds, and wells.

3. Each cell in our bodies need water to survive.
65% of body mass is water
Watermelon – 98% water
Lettuce/tomato – 95% water
Chicken/banana – 75% water
Bread – 35% water

4. To maintain body temp. of 37oC you give off water in form of sweat
To maintain body temp. of 37oC you give off water in form of sweat. Also lose water when you give off wastes.
You must replace this water and consume about 2.5 L of water daily.

5. Water is always on the move
Water is always on the move. Evaporation & condensation produce the water cycle – controls the distribution of earth’s water as it evaporates from bodies of water, condenses, precipitates, and returns to those bodies of water.

6. Water Cycle

7. Water evaporates from earth’s bodies of water into vapour in the atmosphere. Vapour cools, condenses, and turns into clouds. Clouds release water in forms of rain and snow.

8. The sun drives the water cycle
The sun drives the water cycle. About km3 of water evaporates in a year.
78% of precipitation falls back into oceans.

9. About 75% of the earth’s fresh drinking water is tied up in the north and south poles and mountain tops.

11. Unit 5 Fresh and Saltwater Systems
Topic 2
Earth’s Frozen Water
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12. Ice covers about 10% of earth.
Ice locks up 75% of earths fresh water supply.
Glacier: moving mass of ice and snow. Snow doesn’t melt and piles up on itself, increasing pressure and creating ice.

13. Banff

14. Ice cap: a glacier that forms on level land and flow outward from it’s centre.
Icefield: upland area of ice that feeds two or more glaciers.

15. Glacial Forming:
Snowflakes > snow grains > ice crystals > ice.

16. Valley Glacier: a glacier that forms in a mountain range.
It stays cool enough in mountains that snow does not melt.

17. Continental Glacier: huge mass of ice and snow
Continental Glacier: huge mass of ice and snow. Occur mostly in the N and S Poles in Greenland and Antarctica.
These are so thick that they almost bury mountain ranges.

18. Icefall: glacier flows over a cliff and breaks up.
Shasta Icefall

19. Crevasse: a crack in the ice.

21. Icebergs: large chunks of ice that break loose from continental glaciers.
Calve: when ice breaks loose from a glacier.

22. As glaciers move, or melt and re-freeze, cracks are formed and rocks are moved. This is called erosion.
Striations: parallel scars or scratches formed by rocks and sound which are dragged by the glacier.

23. Cirque: bowl shaped basin. Arete: A ridge. Horn: sharpened peak.

24. The Importance of Glaciers
Gradually release water during summer
Feed river systems of prairies
Helps hydroelectric plants, irrigate crops, water cattle, supply drinking water

25. Major periods of cooling on earth are called Ice Ages.
Glaciers covered as much as 28% of the land.
years ago until only years ago.
120

26. (These are only theories)
Why Do Ice Ages Happen?
Reduction in energy given off by sun.
Volcanoes cause dust in atmosphere.
Mountain formation leads to more snow on peaks which reflects sunlight.
(These are only theories)

27. Unit 5 Fresh and Saltwater Systems
Topic 3
Fresh Water Systems
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28. Fresh water systems exist above (surface water) and below ground (groundwater).
Lakes and ponds – large holes in the ground filled with standing water.
In a pond, sunlight reaches the bottom.

29. Wetlands: in a low area of land and is saturated with water all or most of the time.
Marshes are shallow wetlands (less than 1 m.)

30. Streams and Rivers are both fast flowing waterways.
Fast flowing waters are usually oxygen rich which fish and other animals need to survive.

31. Water is always on the move.
A watershed, or drainage basin, is the area of land that drains into a body of water.
When water hits the ground it either sinks into the ground, evaporates, or flows downhill – this is called run-off.

32. Watershed

34. Factors affecting whether rain runs-off or is soaked up.
Amount of rain
Time it takes to fall
Slope of the land
Amount of vegetation (plants also limit the amount of erosion of soil.)

35. Rivers and streams flow and pick up sediment as they flow
Rivers and streams flow and pick up sediment as they flow. When they reach a level area of land, the river slows and deposits its materials…called deposition.
Erosion and deposition help shape the landscape.

36. Sediment is measured and classified depending on whether it is:
Suspended in water
Rolling/bouncing on bottom
Stationary on riverbed
This helps give an idea of the strength of the river flow.

37. Why Monitor River and Streamflow?
Scientists monitor how much water runs past a certain point over a period of years.
Helps to analyze water quality, quantity, as well as when floods may occur.

38. Also helps scientists predict drought conditions, design irrigation and drainage projectrs.

39. Why Monitor Sediment?
Toxic chemicals can attach
Cause death/abnormalities to fish
Increase sediment can make navigation hard/impossible.
Sediment can block delivery of water.

40. Wells and Springs
Wells are made by drilling through soil and rock to a point below the water table. (layer of porous rock in which all pores are full of water) Water is pumped up to the surface.

41. Groundwater Contamination
Any undesirable materials in groundwater, caused by human activity, is called contamination.

42. Alberta’s Water Dilemma
Too much water in large flowing rivers of N. Alberta. – erode agricultural land.
Some river channels are close to drying up due to agricultural, municipal, and industrial demand.

43. Many people, especially in S
Many people, especially in S. Alberta where there is a higher population, use irrigation canals – help conserve limited water resources. These canals trap rainfall.

45. Too Much Water
Dams are built to control floods and irrigation, supply water to cities, generate hydroelectricity.

47. Unit 5 Fresh and Saltwater Systems
Topic 4
The Oceans
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48. The ocean is always moving.
Ocean’s affect weather
Ocean’s provide food, oils, gases, and minerals.
We transport across oceans.
Oceans cover over 66% of the planet.

49. Ocean water is salty!
1000g of seawater contains 35g of salt – on average.
35 PPT – Parts Per Thousand
Salinity: measure of the amount of salts dissolved in a liquid.

50. Salts in the ocean come from rivers and groundwater flowing over rocks, picking up salts, and carrying them to the ocean.
When volcanoes release lava and gas on the sea floor, sulfur and chlorine are added to water.

52. What’s On the Ocean Floor?
Large mountain ranges, deep valleys, vast plains.
These features are a result of tectonic plates, not wind, rain, and rivers as we see on earth.

54. Ocean ridges: youngest part of ocean floor and are formed by eruptions.
Lava flows from these ridges and quickly hardens.
Can be 1000km wide and m high.

55. Trenches: formed where an ocean plate meets a continental plate
Trenches: formed where an ocean plate meets a continental plate. The ocean plate is forced below.

56. Abyssal Plains: wide, open plains between mountains and trenches.
Continental Shelf: slope gradually away from the land before dropping steeply downward at the shelf edge.

58. Continental Slope: from the edge of the shelf, the slope plunges at a steep angle to the ocean floor.

59. Ocean Waves
Just large ripples, set in motion by steady winds.
Smooth waves are called swells.

60. Parts of Waves
Crest: highest part
Trough: lowest part
Wavelength: distance from one crest to the next.
Speed of motion: time for one wave to pass a given point.

62. Breaker: wave collapses on shore in a tumble of water
Breaker: wave collapses on shore in a tumble of water. Happens because the trough of the wave hits the beach, slows due to friction, but the crest carries on at it’s normal speed.

64. Waves shape shorelines by eroding and redepositing sediments.
Waves slowly wear away rocks and cliffs…sea arches sometime result.

66. How are Beaches Formed?
Rock fragments carried in waves rub together and break down. On a steep shoreline, these fragments roll back into the sea. On a gradual shoreline, they rest and beaches form.

67. Tides
Tides are the slow rise and fall of the ocean in daily cycles.
Spring tides, the largest, occur when the Earth, moon and sun are aligned.

68. The difference in level between a high and low tide is called the tidal range.
Tidal movements result mainly from the pull of the moon’s gravity on the ocean.
High tide on one beach means low on the other side.

69. Ocean Currents
Broad continuous movements of ocean water are called currents.
Like a massive river in the ocean.

70. Surface Currents
Currents at the ocean surface driven by winds. (Top 100 – 200 m)
Three factors influence the direction of winds and surface and currents:

71. 1) Uneven heating of atmosphere. Warm air expands upward and outward
1) Uneven heating of atmosphere. Warm air expands upward and outward. This creates an area of low pressure. Cool air has a high pressure and moves the low pressure air…this movement creates wind.

72. 2) Rotation of the Earth: trade winds at the equator push ocean currents to the west. At the polar regions, westerly winds drive currents east.

73. 3) Continents: continents deflect east-west currents either north of south.

74. Ocean Temp. and Currents
Winds and currents mix heat evenly through surface waters.
Sun’s rays cannot penetrate, so temp. drops quickly past 200m.
Think of mixing bath water to warm it up.

75. Gulf Steam: starts in the Caribbean Sea and flows north along the east coast of North America. Then turns northeast and crosses the Atlantic. Carries warm water to Iceland and British Isles.

77. Warm currents transfer their heat to the atmosphere.
Water has a high heat capacity – takes a long time to heat up and cool down.
Large bodies act as heat reservoirs in winter, staying warmer than nearby land.

78. The difference in temp. between the water and land affects the weather systems near the shoreline….produce breezes and these breezes affect evaporation and condensation also.

79. Unit 5 Fresh and Saltwater Systems
Topic 5
Living in Water
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80. Lakes and ponds are bodies of fresh water that collect in low areas of land.
Remember – a pond is small, shallow, and light can hit the bottom.
Plants can grow at the bottom of a pond.

81. Lake is usually larger than a pond.
Plants cannot grow on the bottom of a lake…except along shorline.

83. Rivers and streams are usually shallow and contain sediments eroded from land.
Most animals who live in rivers and streams must attach themselves to rocks or plants (or be good swimmers) as the rivers are always moving.

85. Oceans are salty, deeper, and move more due to tides, currents, and waves.
Most marine organisms are found in the top 180m of water. (average depth to which light can penetrate.)

86. Most marine organisms live on the continental shelf as this is where plants can grow.
90% of marine life occurs here.

88. Most aquatic animals use gills to extract oxygen from water.

89. Marine mammals (whales, sea lions) use lungs.
Some marine life tuck themselves under rocks, bury themselves in sand, or suction themselves to avoid being swept away.

90. Larger marine life, like fish and whales, are shaped to move easily through water.
Plankton (zooplankton – animal plankton, and phytoplankton – plant plankton) float on currents.
Food for marine life.

91. Some marine life capture food and eat it.
Others filter food out of the water. Great whales filter plankton out of the water using baleen.

92. Aquatic Plants
Two types: those attached to the bottom and those that float.
Where is plant life found?

93. Attached plants: plants in shallow water often have roots – get nutrients from soil.
Many plants have long open channels in their stems to carry oxygen to the roots.

94. Marine plants have stomata on top of their leaves so that floating leaves can get oxygen.
Flexible stems allow plants to move with currents and waves. They are supported by water around them.

95. Seaweed does not have roots, flowers, or leaves.
Photosynthesize for food.
Use a holdfast to attach to bottom.
Get nutrients from water.

96. Holdfast

97. Phytoplankton: 0.002 mm to 2mm in size.
Much of marine life depends on them for food.
Stay in upper or surface to get sunlight to photosynthesize.

99. Aquatic plants need nutrients like nitrates and phosphates.
Washed into water from land or come from detritus – decaying bodies of dead plants and animals.
Nutrients plentiful in spring from runoff and melting.

100. Human wastes, fertilizers and pollution sometimes cause too many nutrients in water.
Causes growth of algae – another aquatic plant.
An algae explosion, called an algae bloom can occur.

101. When algae die they fall to the bottom of water where they are decomposed by bacteria.
Decomposition require oxygen – and oxygen from the habitat can be used up, killing plants and animals.

102. Algae Bloom

103. Aquatic Food Chains
A sequence of feeding relationships between organisms.

104. Fishing can affect food chains.
Fisheries catch larger and most in demand fish. Their population can fall.
Other populations of fish may also decrease, or even increase as a result.