1. Genetics

2. What is Genetics? The study of Heredity
Heredity is the passing of genetic information from one generation to the next

3. Genes
Each cell nucleus contains DNA (hereditary information) in the form of chromosomes

4. Genes are located on these chromosomes, and each gene carries a piece of coded information Each cell in your body has over 6 feet of chromosomes tightly coiled inside!

6. Human
Genome

7. The Human Genome A genome is all of the genes possessed by an organism
The human genome consists of over 100,000 genes
Each gene has at least 10,000 nucleotide pairs

8. DNA
Structure

9. DNA DNA resembles a twisted ladder called a double helix.
It is made up of subunits called nucleotides.
Each subunit or nucleotide contains 3 chemical parts:
- A sugar,
- phosphate
- nitrogen base (A-T, G-C)

10. Base Pairs
The four bases found in DNA are Thymine (T) , Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), and Guanine (G)
A - T and G - C
Remember: AT Garbage Can
Bases are joined by weak hydrogen bonds

11. DNA Base Pairing Animation

12. Match up the Base Pairs A G C T T C G A

13. DNA
Replication

14. DNA Replication
When DNA needs to copy itself, the hydrogen bonds between bases “unzip” and the DNA separates into 2 single strands.
Each single strand serves as a template or pattern
Using the base pair rule, 2 new double strands form which are identical to the original double strand

16. RNA

17. RNA RNA is similar to DNA except: mRNA is always single stranded
The sugar is ribose instead of deoxyribose
RNA contains Uracil (U) instead of Thymine (T)
Therefore, every time mRNA copies DNA, the A in DNA bonds to a U in mRNA instead of a T

18. Protein
Synthesis

19. Protein Synthesis DNA codes for your protein
Proteins are made by the Ribosomes
Proteins include enzymes, antibodies, hormones, hair, muscle, etc.
The process of protein synthesis involves 2 steps:
Transcription and Translation

20. Transcription

21. 1.Transcription
The process of passing genetic information from DNA to RNA
Takes place in the Nucleus
A molecule of DNA “unzips” and one side acts as a template for producing mRNA
mRNA (messenger RNA) copies the DNA code and carries it to the ribosomes

24. Translation

25. 2. Translation
Takes place in the Cytoplasm at the Ribosomes and involves mRNA and tRNA (transfer RNA)
Every strand of mRNA now contains the genetic code called CODONS (groups of 3 bases) Ex: AUG

26. Every CODON codes for a specific Amino Acid
tRNA translates codons into amino acids (AA) and carries the AA to the ribosomes
The ribosomes use the Amino Acids to make Proteins!

29. Review of Terms: 3 Nitrogen Bases (A,U,C,G (RNA) CODONS PROTEINS
Amino Acids

30. Codons How does RNA know when a protein code is done?
Each codon codes for a specific Amino Acid
There are codons that signal “start” and “stop”
Ex: mRNA “start” codon is AUG
There are 3 “stop” codons: UAG, UAA, UGA

33. Central Dogma Transcription Translation DNA A-T G-C RNA A-U G-C
PROTEIN
Amino
Acids