1. Bellringer 2/18/16 Unit 6 Standard: DNA and RNA Learning Target: I can explain the role of DNA in organisms, and what is composed of
Read passage “Genes and DNA” on page 132 of your textbook and answer:
What is a gene?
What is a gene made up of?

2. Bellringer 2/18/16 What is a gene?
A gene is a section of a DNA molecule that contains the information to code for one specific protein.
2) What is a gene made up of?
A gene is made up of a series of bases in a row; these bases are arranged in a specific order.

3. DNA
"The Blueprint of Life"

5. DNA stands for... DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

6. DNA FACTS established by James Watson and Francis Crick
Shape of a double helix

7. codes for your genes  (traits)
made of repeating subunits called nucleotides

8. What is a nucleotide? Has three parts: PHOSPHATE DEOXYRIBOSE (sugar)
BASE  (A,T,G,C)
Phosphate
Base
Sugar

9. Base-Pair Rule Adenine <==> Thymine Guanine <==> Cytosine
The sides of the DNA ladder are phosphate & sugar
held together by  hydrogen bonds

10. Think of the bases of DNA like letters.
Letters form words....
Words form sentences....
             *endless                combinations AUBURN-TIGERS CAN-GROWL 

11. Base Pair Rule One side: A T A T C A T G C G G G Other side:
T A T A G T A C G C C C

13. What is the relationship between GENES and DNA?

14. How the Code Works
The combination of A,T,G,C determines what traits you might have.....
C A T C A T   =  purple hair
T A C T A C  =  yellow hair

15. Let's Review What We Know About DNA
1.  DNA stands for:   De _____ ribo ______  acid
2.  What is the shape of DNA? ______________
3.  Who established the structure of DNA?  ____________ and ______________
4.  Adenine always pairs with _______________
5.  The sides of the DNA ladder are deoxyribose and _______________

16. 6.  Guanine always pairs with _____________
7.  What is the complementary sequence:  
C A T  T  A G
8.  The two sides of DNA are held together by _______ bonds.
9.  DNA is composed of repeating subunits called ______________________
10.  What are the 4 bases that make up the rungs of the DNA ladder? ____________________

17. DNA REPLICATION
the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself (cell division)
SEMI-CONSERVATIVE - half of the old strand is saved

18. Transcription - process where RNA is made from DNA

20. Bellringer 2/19/16 Unit 6 Standard: DNA and RNA Learning Target: I can explain the role of DNA in organisms, and what it is composed of
1) Give the complimentary sequence to the following DNA sequence: A T T G C A C C T G A G 2) What do you think would happen if “A” was accidentally switched to “G”?

21. Bellringer 2/19/16
1) Give the complimentary sequence to the following DNA sequence: A T T G C A C C T G A G T A A C G T G G A C T C 2) What do you think would happen if “A” was accidentally switched to “G”? This “mistake” would result in MUTATION – that usually happens when DNA is being copied for cell division (mitosis)

22. DNA Lab - Instructions That’s STRAWBERRY DNA!!! 
Gently squish the strawberries in the bag
Add 20mL of detergent, salt and water mixture
Why do you think detergent and salt will help extract the DNA?
Place coffee filter on top of plastic beaker with the help of a rubber band -> make sure you push the coffee filter down the beaker a little to avoid spills
Carefully add the strawberry mix to the coffee filter
Let it filter for about 5 minutes
Carefully remove the rubber band and coffee filter containing the strawberries – THROW THEM AWAY!
Tilting the beaker a little, add the same amount of alcohol to the strawberry filtered liquid WITHOUT MIXING
Collect the “slime” that forms on top of the liquid
That’s STRAWBERRY DNA!!! 

23. What is mutation and what can mutation cause?
Bellringer 2/22/16 Unit 6 Standard: DNA and RNA Learning Target: I can explain what mutation of DNA is and its possible consequences
Read passage “Mutations” on page 136 and answer:
What is mutation and what can mutation cause?
Observe “Figure 18” on page 136 and answer:
2) What are the 3 types of mutation? Briefly describe each one.

24. Bellringer 2/22/16 1) What is mutation and what can mutation cause?
Mutation is any change in a gene or chromosome. It can cause a cell to produce an incorrect protein, therefore changing a trait.
2) What are the 3 types of mutation? Briefly describe each one.
Substitution: one base pair is substituted for another
Deletion: one base pair is removed
Addition: one base pair is added

26. Briefly explain the role of RNA.
Bellringer 2/23/16 Unit 6 Standard: DNA and RNA Learning Target: I can explain the role of RNA in protein synthesis from DNA
Read passage “The role of RNA” on page 133 and answer:
Briefly explain the role of RNA.
2) Describe the difference between RNA and DNA.

27. Bellringer 2/23/16 Briefly explain the role of RNA.
RNA is a “messenger” that carries the genetic code from the DNA inside the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
2) Describe the difference between RNA and DNA.
RNA has only one strand
it contains a different sugar – ribose (DNA contains deoxyribose)
RNA does not contain thymine – it contains uracil instead.

28. RNA

29. Let’s review first! - What is a gene?
A section of DNA, with many bases that codes for a protein
Results in a TRAIT

30. *contains no thymine uracil instead *follows base pair rule, but A ⇒ U
RNA - the messenger
*single strand of
phosphate + ribose sugar
*contains no thymine uracil instead
*follows base pair rule, but A ⇒ U
DNA:   A  T  A   G  C  G
RNA:  

31. https://youtu.be/0Elo-zX1k8M?list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1HK8gH2XIafNgQJD1dMX2aW

32. RNA carries the "message" to the ribosomes, where proteins are made

34. How does DNA make a protein?

35. DNA --> RNA --> Protein
Proteins are the building blocks of the organism (traits)

36. Transcription -  process where RNA is made from DNA
Translation - process where proteins are made from RNA

37. https://youtu.be/41_Ne5mS2ls

39. Explain the 3 possible effects of mutation on organisms.
Bellringer 2/24/16 Unit 6 Standard: DNA and RNA Learning Target: I can explain what mutation of DNA is and its possible consequences
Read passage “Effects of mutation” on page 137 and answer:
Explain the 3 possible effects of mutation on organisms.
Practice DNA – RNA sequence
DNA: A A T C G A T T G C A A
RNA:

40. Bellringer 2/24/16 Beneficial – helps organisms survive Neutral
Explain the 3 possible effects of mutation on organisms.
Beneficial – helps organisms survive
Neutral
Harmful – disability or defect
2) DNA: A A T C G A T T G C A A
RNA: U U A G C U A A C G U U

41. MUTATIONS

42. MUTATION Change in a gene or chromosome
Can cause formation of incorrect protein -> change of traits
3 types of mutation:
Substitution: base pair is replaced by another
Deletion: base pair is removed
Addition (or insertion): base pair is added

43. What causes mutations? MUTAGENS -> factors that start mutations
Examples: UV rays, radiation, cigarette smoke, alcohol, viruses, car exhaust, chemicals, etc.

44. Consequences of mutations
Beneficial trait: mutation helps the organism survive
Neutral
Harmful trait: disability or defect

45. https://youtu.be/GieZ3pk9YVo?list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1HK8gH2XIafNgQJD1dMX2aW

46. Bellringer 2/25/16 Unit 6 Standard: DNA and RNA Learning Target: I can describe the genetic processes of replication, transcription and translation
Based on your notes and/or textbook and/or teacher’s explanations, briefly describe:
Replication
Transcription
Translation

47. Bellringer 2/25/16
Replication is when the DNA makes a copy of itself – extra info: it happens during interphase (cell is preparing to start division/mitosis)
Transcription is when an enzyme reads the DNA and makes a similar copy of it (RNA) to send it out as a “message” to the ribosome
Translation is when the ribosome reads the RNA (similar copy of the original recipe), translates the message and then produces protein following the codes