1. Chapter 9 Section 3 US History
A Bloody Conflict
Chapter 9 Section 3
US History

2. A Bloody Conflict COMBAT IN WORLD WAR 1 MAIN IDEA
New technologies made World War I the first modern war.

3. COMBAT IN WORLD WAR 1 Trench Warfare
Early offensives in 1914 demonstrated that warfare had changed.
Powerful Artillery guns were several miles behind the front lines and could fire large explosive shells onto the battle field.
To protect themselves troops began digging trenches

4. COMBAT IN WORLD WAR 1
On western front, French, British and Swiss dug network of trenches that went from English Channel to Swiss boarder
New weapon, Machine Gun prevented enemy from over running trenches
Space between trenches was no-man’s-land
Filled with craters from artillery fire and barbed wire obstacles

5. COMBAT IN WORLD WAR 1
To break through, attacker would begin with massive artillery fire, soldiers would then run across no-man’s-land (avoiding machine gun fire) and try to capture enemy trenches.
Troops also attached bayonets to use once inside the trenches
Fighting inside trenches was brutal
Both sides would lose thousands of men but not able to break through lines

6. COMBAT IN WORLD WAR 1
New Technologies were needed to break through enemy lines
April 1915: German’s used first poisoned gas
Caused vomiting, blindness and suffocation
Allies soon began using poison gas
To counter attacks both sides developed gas masks
Late 1915 British introduced armored tanks
Slow and unreliable BUT could crush barbed wire and cross trenches
Not enough of them and did not impact WW 1 (more use in WW 2)

7. COMBAT IN WORLD WAR 1
World War I also was the first use of Aircraft in war
First and last time that zeppelins were used in combat.
Zeppelins giant rigid balloons (aka Blimps) sent to drop bombs on British warships in North Sea
Airplanes used as scouts, spying on enemy ships/troops
Soon were supplied with machine guns to attack Zeppelins
Some carried bombs to drop on enemy lines and eventually used to shoot down other aircraft
Battles known as “dogfights”
Easy to destroy, average life expectancy of pilot in World War 1 = 2 weeks

8. A Bloody Conflict THE AMERICANS ARRIVE MAIN IDEA:
The arrival of Americans changed the course of the war and helped the Allies win

9. THE AMERICANS ARRIVE
As American’s (nicknamed ‘doughboys’) arrived, boosted Allies and demoralized Germans.
No American troop ships were sunk on their way to Europe
Admiral William S. Sims arranged troop ships and merchant ships into convoys
Destroyers would protect and escort them
If ships were attacked and destroyed, saved lives because other ships in convoy could rescue survivors

10. THE AMERICANS ARRIVE
March 1917 riots in Russia over Czar Nicholas II leadership in the war forces him to abdicate
Start of Russian Revolution
Russia had temporary government that wanted to stay in war but gov’t couldn’t deal with problems inside Russia like food shortage
Bolshevic Party led by Vladimir Lenin overthrew temporary gov’t and established Communist Gov’t 1917

11. THE AMERICANS ARRIVE
First act of new government was to take Russia out of the war
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany Mach ended their part of war
Russia lost a lot of territory in treaty
Germany could now focus on Western Front

12. THE AMERICANS ARRIVE
Many American’s believed we owed France for its help in the Revolution
Thought of France as our friends
General John J. Pershing arrived in Paris July
British and France wanted to integrate American troops to be under their command, Pershing said no (supported by Wilson).
Only exception was 93rd Infantry Division, First American’s to enter combat under French.

13. THE AMERICANS ARRIVE
March 21st 1918 Germany launched massive attack on Western Front
Started with gas attacks, then artillery bombardment
Germany strong with replacements from Russian front, made it within 40 miles of Paris
American Troops played important role in containing German offensive
American first major attack June 1st
Stopped Germany from taking Paris on its last attempt July 15

14. THE AMERICANS ARRIVE The Battle of the Argonne Forest
German drive stalled, French commander ordered massive counter attacks
American troops pushed German forces back through another major attack near Argonne Forest
Amer. Had 600,000 troops, 400,000 tons of supplies, and 4000 artillery pieces
Most massive attack in American history
Attack began September and soon after all German forces began to retreat (created a hole in their lines).

15. THE AMERICANS ARRIVE American Heroes
Alvin York: Born 1887 grew up in Tennessee
Tried to avoid draft (against war)… conscientious objector
October in battle of Argonne forest, York took charge after 9 American men killed and charged German machine guns, killed between 9 and 25 Germans and took 132 prisoners
Used fame to fund Alvin York Institute, a school for poor Tennessee Children

16. THE AMERICANS ARRIVE
Eddie Rickenbacker: Born in Ohio, was a famous race car driver
Combat pilot, commander 94th Aero Squadron
Fought 134 air battles and shot down 26 aircraft
One battle single-handedly fought 7 German Aircraft
Awarded Congressional Medal of Honor

17. THE AMERICANS ARRIVE The War Ends
While fighting western front, Austria-Hungary had revolution and split into separate countries
Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia
November 1918 Austria-Hungary surrendered to Allies
November 3rd, German Sailors mutinied and within days several towns were under army control
Emperor stepped down and German became a republic
2 Days later gov’t signed an armistice
At the 11th hour on the 11th day of the 11th month 1918 fighting stopped.

18. A Bloody Conflict A FLAWED PEACE MAIN IDEA
The United States Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles and rejected the League of Nations

19. A FLAWED PEACE Although fighting stopped, World War I was not over
Peace treaty had to be negotiated and signed
January 1919 delegates from 27 countries traveled to France for Peace Conference
Peace Treaty with Germany known as Treaty of Versailles
Treaty with Austria-Hungary known as Treaty of Saint-Germain

20. A FLAWED PEACE Negotiations for Versailles Treaty lasted 5 months
Most important “Big Four” participants
Pres. Wilson (USA)
Prime Minister David Lloyd George (Great Britain)
Georges Clemenceau (France)
Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando (Italy)
Russia not invited, Allies refused to recognize new communist gov’t

21. A FLAWED PEACE The Fourteen Points
Pres. Wilson brought his peace plan known as “Fourteen Points”
Believed if implemented would have long lasting peace in Europe
First 5 points eliminate causes of the war through free trade, freedom of seas, disarmament , impartial adjustment of colonial claims and open diplomacy

22. A FLAWED PEACE Next 8 points addressed national self-determination
Boarders of countries based on ethnicity and national identity
This also meant no country could keep territory claimed from another nation (Central Powers give up what had taken during the war)
14th point was most important, called for creating League of Nations
Help preserve peace by pledging to protect and respect each other’s territory and political independence
Wilson wanted this most and willing to give up other points

23. A FLAWED PEACE The Treaty of Versailles
Wilson popular in Europe, helped with negotiations going his way … adopted 14 points
France and Britain not happy, wanted Germany Punished for war
Despite 14 points and Wilson hopes, peace terms were harsh against Germany
Armed Forces greatly reduced
Not allowed to put troops west of Rhine River
Blamed Germany for the war
Treaty Signed June

24. A FLAWED PEACE Germany accepted guilt of war by signing treaty
Allies could now demand reparations
Decided that Germany should pay $33 Billion (intended to keep Germany economy weak)
National Self-determination was more successful
Dismantled Austro-Hungarian Empire, Russian Empire, German Empire and Ottoman Empire
Nine New Nations in Europe due to peace treaty
Austria, Czechoslovakia, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Yugoslavia
This did not apply to Germany (many Germans living outside Germany boarders).. Set stage for 1930 crisis

25. A FLAWED PEACE Treaty did not address
Freedom of seas or Free trade
Ignored goal of fair settlement of colonial claims
Treaty did create League of Nations
Members promised
Reduce armaments
Submit all disputes to arbitration if endangered peace
Come to the aid of any member who was threatened with aggression by another state

26. A FLAWED PEACE
The US Senate did not ratify the peace treaty even though Wilson was confident they would
Needed Republican support but refused to take republican leaders to conference (Wilson was democrat)
Opposition focused on League of Nations (thought as another “entangling alliance” and did not like that US might go to war without congress approval
Even after going to the people with the treaty (causing his illness) congress refused to ratify treaty and Wilson Refused to compromise.
After Wilson left office, US negotiated separate peace treaty with Central powers and did not join League of Nations

27. EXIT TICKET
On A Half Sheet of paper answer the following questions in complete sentences.
What new technologies were introduced in World War 1?
Why would Pershing want to keep US soldiers in their own units?
What was national self-determination and why did Wilson think it would help prevent war?