1. Syllabus
Check your syllabus for quiz and assignment dates!

2. Gender, Gender Roles, Families and Work
Chapter 6

3. Sexual Development Your life began with…It’s a girl! It’s a boy!
Based on biological sex
Anatomy, the starting place
Genes, XX or XY directed prenatal development
Hormones linked with genes, bend development
Human life dichotomized, F and M tracks
Because we tend to see biological sex as dichotomous, we may tend to dichotomize behavior as strictly male or female.

4. For example, boys are messy, girls are clean
For example, boys are messy, girls are clean. Now depending on your current roommate situation you may have a great disagree with this.

6. Gender Development
Gender Socialization….you learn and are taught about culture and life by gender
Socialization in two tracks… as a GIRL or as a BOY
How were you treated differently because you were female or male?
Names, clothes, colors, toys, games…
Shoes as an example…

7. Girls
Boys
Girls
Boys
Girls

8. “All guys must care deeply about their cars:

10. Gender Socialization
Girls socialized toward being expressive, communicative
Boys socialized toward being competitive, NOT expressing feelings
What do you think?
Girl football player

11. Gender communications

12. Sex Differences Male or Female Hormones External Anatomy
Internal Sex Organs

13. Gender Identities
Gender identity, psychological view of self as male or as female… or confused??
Most of us have concordant biological and psychological sex
Some people have discordant biological and psychological sex …Transsexual

14. Gender Identities Biological sex = chromosomes, hormones, anatomy
Hermaphroditism = ambiguous biological sex
Gender identity = self-perception of biological sex
Transgendered = discrepant gender identity/bio sex
Reinforcing masculine or feminine self- perceptions

15. Sexual Development We learned rules, beliefs, facts about sex
All of us learned “the facts of life”, maybe intentionally taught, maybe not
Parents avoidance or good intentions

16. Facts of Life age? How old when you first learned the “facts of life”?
B 5-7
C 8-10
D 11-13
E 14+

17. Facts of life source? How did you first learn the “facts of life”
A- Parents told me
B- Friend told me
C- I saw/read something
D- I figured it out
E- DK, NS, other

18. Self analysis question
What was your parents’ level of comfort talking with you about sex?
A Never talked about sex with parents
B A little communication, mostly awkward
C Moderately open and comfortable
D Very open and comfortable communication

19. Sexuality and Relationships
Feel attraction, romantic or sexual thoughts
Intensify during adolescence (2nd decade)
Dating, hanging out, sexual exploration
Friends with benefits
Sequence of touch, kiss, fondle, intercourse
Progression depends on religion, culture, personal choice
The time of adolescence has changed
Hanging out culture: Talk with Michael. Hanging out isn’t challenging
FWB: Not a stage of relationship
About 50-55% of college students say they have had FWB relationship (about equal for men and women)
The experience is different though: woman more emotionally involved; more physically involved. Men open to more FWB

20. Relationship stages and cycles
Acquaintances
Friends
Romantic partners
Living together, marriage
Dissolution, or stability

21. Mate Selection theory & sexual orientation

22. Theory Complementary-needs theory: Social Exchange theory: Rewards
we tend to select mates whose needs are opposite and complementary to our own.
Social Exchange theory:
Rewards
Costs
Profit
Loss
Alternative
SET: rational thinking

23. Sexual Development Sexual orientation, attraction to…
To opposite (other) sex = heterosexual ~95%
To same sex = homosexual
male attracted to males, Gay
female attracted to females, Lesbian
To both sexes = Bisexual

24. Gay, Lesbian Relationships
Same Sex attraction
3-5% males, 2-3% females in national surveys
Strong stigma (homophobia),
prejudice, & even sometimes violence
Childhood hidden, adolescent or YA coming out
Relationships similar to & different from hetero-
Prejudice, marriage, benefits (hidden)
Family and friends connections
Roommates

25. Sexual Development Summary
Sex = biological characteristics, or behavior
Sexuality = inclusive, larger construct that includes beliefs, values, behaviors
Gender = biological sex, or gender roles
Gender identity= psychological view of self
Sexual orientation = attraction to same or other
Sexual minorities = GLBT/LBGT/Q…

27. Who does what in Marriages and families

28. Who Does What in Marriages and Families?
Traditional views – homemaker & breadwinner
In 2011, only 16% of households in the U.S. consisted of a breadwinner husband and a homemaker (stay-at-home) wife
Gender socialization
Expectations
Expectations different by gender in your family?
Future roles in your marriage and family?

29. Why does “who” do “what”?
Education, Training, and Preparation for Work
College Degrees in the U.S.
1960 – Men were 2x as likely to graduate (65% to 35%)
Currently ≈60+% of bachelor’s and master’s degrees awarded to women

30. Education, Training, and Preparation for Work
Women’s employment, dramatic increase
75% of U.S. women ages now in the work force
Mother’s labor force participation
Rapid increase of mothers with non-adult children working for pay % %

31. Education, Training, and Preparation for Work
Women with children vs. Women without
Employment rates about 9% lower among mothers than women of the same age without children
Lower employment is strongly affected by educational attainment
Largest employment gap for least educated
Smallest employment gap for mothers with advanced degrees

32. Education, Training, and Preparation for Work
Dual earner couples
In 1977, 70% of men in dual-earner couples thought men should earn the money and women should care for the home and family
In 2008, 37% of men in dual-earner couples felt this way
Today both partners expect to be employed and roles are based upon personal preference, training, expertise
2013: married-couple families with children where both parents worked: 59.1%

33. Gender Differences in Employment
Men more likely to have
Blue collar jobs: production, machine operation, and repair (43% to 10%)
Engineering (98% men in 1978, 90% today)
Most male dominated
jobs
Auto mechanic (99%)
Electrician (98%)

34. Gender Differences in Employment
Women more likely to be
Secretaries, dental hygienists (97-98%)
Childcare workers (95%)
Nurses (over 90%)
Elementary school teachers (85-90%)

35. Work, Pay, and Gender How much is “enough?” Expectations
Number of family members
What else?
Turn to your neighbor

36. Work, Pay, and Gender Pay equity for those in the same job
Women typically make less on average than men
“Another day, another dollar” – “Another day, another 77 cents”
Women earn about 79% of men’s pay in 2013
In Utah 70%

37. Work, Pay, and Gender Is this discrimination?
Yes historically, is it still?
Women and men view employment differently
Women place a higher value on work/life balance
40% of working wives earn more money than their husbands
A future shift in marital power based on income?