1. Child Growth and Development

2. CHILD DEVELOPMENT: The study of a child from conception to age 18
The five stages of development are:
1. Infancy--birth to 12 months
2. Toddler--12 months to 3 years
3. Preschool--3 years to 6 years
4. School age--6 years to 12 years
5. Adolescents--13 years to 18 years

3. Child Growth & Development
GROWTH: A child's physical increase in size or amount that is easily seen.
DEVELOPMENT: The ability to do things that are complex and difficult.

4. LAWS OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Growth proceeds from head to foot
Lift head, pick up objects, walk to objects
Growth proceeds from near to far (proximal-distal)
From body trunk outward, scoot body, wave arms, grab object, pick up objects
Growth proceeds from the simple to the complex
Sleeping, being fed, holding the bottle, feeding self
Growth is continuous and orderly
Both legs grow at the same time and rate.

5. 5 Areas of Development PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT: COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT:
Includes muscle coordination and control, growth in size and in proportion.
Examples: a child rolling over, lifting its head, or sitting up.
 COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT:
The ability of the brain or mind to take in and process information.
Examples: a child recognizing their name, or recognizing a parent, recognizing that when they shake a rattle it will make a noise.
 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT:
A child learning and discovering the expectations and rules for interacting with others.
Examples: a child smiling at mother, a child learning to share a toy with a friend. 

6. 5 Areas of Development EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT: MORAL DEVELOPMENT:
The ability to recognize and understand feelings and how to respond to them appropriately.
Example: a child feeling jealousy due to a new baby in the family, a child feeling love for another person, a child being afraid of the dark.
MORAL DEVELOPMENT:
Identifying personal values.
Examples: right or wrong, behaving according to what others need or want, respecting human rights, developing principles to guide behavior.
Who ate the sprinkles?

7. Why do we observe Children?
To gain a deeper understanding of children, in general
How they think and feel, how they can be expected to grow and behave.
To get to know a specific child better
The child's needs interests, skills, problems, and feelings.
To assess where a child is developmentally and make comparisons with other children that same age.
To identify special needs, problems, or interests children may have.
To assess teaching skills
A teacher can analyze the set-up of the room, the scheduling of activities, observing when learning problems take place, etc.
To make a conscious effort to know all the children in a group equally well.
Some children stand out in a group due to a talent or behavior problem. Others tend to get lost in the crowd by blending in too well. A teacher must know all the children in the group and try to meet all of their needs.

8. Development

9. The Developing Brain from Age 7-12

10. Intellectual Growth
With the person next to you, answer the following questions the best you can:
What is intellectual growth?
What do you think intellectual growth includes?
How can you tell when intellectual growth takes place?

11. Intellectual Growth An increase in brain power
Allows for higher-level learning and thinking
Affects memory, awareness, and curiosity, idealism, and abstract thinking
Growth takes place when people think and function at a higher level
Remembering more

12. Signs of Intellectual Growth
Memory
Central to learning
People use short-term and long- term memory to learn
How do we use short-term memory to learn?
How do we use long-term memory to learn?
Improvement in memory allow older children to learn more and use knowledge more efficiently
No longer counting on fingers
Adding & subtracting automatically

13. Signs of Intellectual Growth
Awareness and Curiosity
Become more aware of the people around them
Become better at controlling own behavior & understanding others
Begin to recognize another person’s point of view
Begin to think of themselves according to feelings and beliefs other than just physical features.
Develop interests that can last a lifetime
Sports, acting, reading, music, etc.

14. Idealism and Abstract Thinking
Young children judge whether something is right or wrong by how much pleasure or pain it involves
EXAMPLE: Time-outs
Older children & teens adopt moral standards that role models will approve of
EXAMPLE: Parents, coaches, teachers
Preteens recognize complex social problems
Prejudice or crime
They do not understand why problems are difficult to solve
EXAMPLE: To prevent theft, thieves just need to stop stealing
Cannot yet analyze ideas to see if they are realistic

15. Problem Solving Challenge
Working with a partner, you will be given a complex problem
Attempt to think like a preteen and come up with idealistic solutions to your problem
You have 3 minutes to come up with solutions
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16. Attention Span Around age 12, attention span grows shorter
Tend to learn less – can’t concentrate as long
Grades may drop, test scores may decline
QUESTION: How can this be prevented?

17. How do Children Learn?

18. Theories About How Children Learn
Piaget:
Children’s thinking skills develop through different stages
Vygotsky:
Biological development and cultural experience influence a child’s ability to learn
Montessori:
Stresses the importance of self-directed learning
Gardner:
Knowledge is many-sided, people learn differently
Sternberg:
People have varying degrees of analytical, creative, and practical intelligence

19. What does this all mean?
Working in groups, you will be assigned a particular theory
You will read the theory and write down the MAJOR bullet points of your theory
Make sure you are thorough
Write in your own words
We will discuss with the class

20. Learning Methods
In order to meet the needs of different children, teachers use a variety of learning methods
QUESTION: What are some learning strategies teachers use in your classes?
Most common methods:
Direct
Peer
Independent Learning

21. Direct Learning
Children capable of direct learning can get facts and ideas by listening and reading
EXAMPLE: Lecture followed by reading
Must pay close attention to teacher
Learn to take notes and read textbooks on their own
Progress can be measured with tests, quizzes, and essays
Direct Instruction Spelling

22. Peer Learning
A learning method in which students interact with one another
Students work together in pairs, small groups, or as a class project
Advantage: Students may feel less awkward about asking questions
Helps students learn to work together, to communicate, and to build time and resource management skills
Peer Instruction

23. Independent Learning Allows students to work on their own
Prepares students for long-term assignments common in high school, college, and the workforce
May be instructed to choose and research a topic
Completed in many steps
QUESTION: Which method do you think would be the best for learning?

25. Howard Gardner Piaget:
Children’s thinking skills develop through different stages
Challenged Piaget by theorizing that knowledge is many-sided
EXAMPLE: A 7-year-old who is at a certain stage in understanding numbers may be at a different stage in verbal development
In a nutshell: Everyone learns differently
The more students develop their different intelligences, the greater their skills and knowledge will become.

26. Gardner’s 8 Intelligences
Intrapersonal – Myself Smart
You know about yourself and your strengths and weaknesses. You probably keep a diary.
Musical – Music Smart
You enjoy music and can recognize sounds, and timbre, or the quality of a tone.
Visual/Spatial – Picture Smart
You are good at art and also good at other activities where you look at pictures like map reading, finding your way out of mazes and graphs.
Naturalistic – Nature Smart
You like the world of plants and animals and enjoy learning about them.

27. Gardner’s 8 Intelligences
Kinesthetic – Body Smart
You enjoy sports and are good at swimming, athletics, gymnastics and other sports.
Linguistic – Word Smart
You enjoy reading, writing and talking about things.
Logical – Number Smart
You are good at mathematics and other number activities; you are also good at solving problems.
Interpersonal – People Smart
You like to mix with other people and you belong to lots of clubs. You like team games and are good at sharing.

28. Do you know which one you are?
Go to my webpage
Click on “Take a Test”
Answer the questions – Print out your results!
After you have printed your results, write a paragraph (on the back of printout) analyzing your results
What are your top 2? Bottom 2? Do you agree with your results? How could you increase this intelligence? How can teachers help you increase this intelligence?