1. The Hopi

3. Main Points Theocratic government, society Matrilineal
Distance from Spanish empire
Cultural divisions
Land disputes

4. Key Terms Sipapuni Hopivotskwani Kikmongwi Tithu Katsina(m)
Oraibi Split
Indian Reorganization Act
Navajo-Hopi Land Dispute
Peabody Coal

5. Origins Emergence through Four Worlds
Sipapuni (Sipapu: “hole in the sky”)
Migrations
Clans
Farming
Hopivotskwani
Way of life: patience, endurance, humility

6. Language Uto-Aztecan Hopi-Tewa speak Tewa (Tanoan fam)
Different dialects on each mesa
East to West: First, Second, Third

8. Potter, Rachel Sahmie, 1991

9. Socio-economic Structure
Clan system
Matrilineal
Agriculture & dry farming, terrace farming
Trade networks
Villages and Mesas
Black Mesa & coal mining

10. Hopi Farming, 1890s

11. Hopi Farming, 1980s

12. Governmental organization
Independent villages
Theocratic
Bear clan “chief” (Kikmongwi)
Warrior Society

13. Ceremonial-Religious Cycle
Katsinas & Kachinas
Tihu (tithu), dolls given to young girls
Katsinas: mediators between deities and people
Visit Hopi for half of the year, 100s, other tribes
Kachinas: marketed and made individually
Hopivotskwani
Cyclical year, life
2 six month periods
Corn is life, life and work and food and worship are intertwined

14. Niman Katsina Otto Pentewa, 1959

15. Hopi Ceremonial Calendar

16. Historical Overview Part I: Spanish Colonialism
Spanish Exploration
Onate 1598
Early 1600s retaliation & resistance
Tewa in First Mesa

17. Historical Overview Part I: American Invasion
Post-Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
BIA, Navajos, Railroad, Mormons
1882: Reservation for Hopis & other Indians…
By not creating a reservation for the exclusive use of Hopis, this Order set the stage for Navajo settlement and the ensuing land dispute.

19. Oraibi Split Oraibi was a Hopi village
1880s: Question of religious, cultural, social adoption of non-Hopi ways
Dispute between different groups
Lololoma, pro-American; Lomahongyoma, anti-
Split Kivas
1906 official split with conservatives creating Hotevilla & pro-American group creating Kykotsmovi
Land, religion, culture, class
Split made ceremonies more difficult and damaged cultural traditions and identities

21. Modern Divisions Oraibi split Indian Reorganization Act 1937
Tribal Council
Representatives from each village
Inclined to political and economic interaction with outside, market oriented world

22. Land Dispute Origins in Executive Order & 1868 Navajo Treaty
Different forms of land tenure
Population growth
Unclear boundaries

25. Continued 1930s Joint Use Area created, controlled by Navajo
1968 Healing v. Jones, partition
1975 Exclusive Navajo & Hopi sections
1986 Navajo relocation
Big Mountain resistance
1992 agreement ended relocation

26. Coal & Strip Mining
Peabody Coal 1960s contract to strip mine at Black Mesa
3.5 mgp/d, 10 af/d, 3,910 af/d
137,155 af in 35 years
Destroying farms and a way of life
Trust responsibility

28. Karen Shupla, Third Mesa, 1988

29. Debbi Tewa, Engineer, 1997