1. The Job Hazard Analysis
Dawn Johnston
Bob Siktberg
March 18, 2011
The Lake County Safety Council asked the membership to give the topics they would like to learn more about during The Job Safety Analysis was the #1 topic chosen.
Why the popular topic?
Some folks have heard of them, and want to know more.
Some want to do them, and want to learn how.
Some are doing them, and want to compare to others.
How many local companies have done these?

2. What Is It?
Process of studying and recording each step of a job, identifying existing or potential hazards, and determining the best way to perform the job to reduce or eliminate the hazards.

3. What Is It? JA- Job Analysis
1930s process for doing job time studies was found to have safety benefits.
“Match the job to the man.”
JB- Job Breakdown
WWII process to train inexperienced workers in wartime industrial production.
JSA- Job Safety Analysis
First mentioned around 1950, by Bethlehem Steel; the steel industry first did these analyses.
History of JSA / JHA
The March, 2011 edition of Professional Safety, the journal of ASSE, had a feature article titled,
“Job Safety Analysis. Its Role Today.” by David D. Glenn
JA- Frederick Taylor, pioneered Scientific Management, with its time studies. Safety was more about picking the right man for the job.
In WWII, workers needed to quickly learn how to make good product, and safety was part of that training. You couldn’t just fit Rosie the Riveter to the job.
After WWII, the Job Breakdown concept became more formally advanced into the JSA by the steel industry.

4. What Is It? JHA – Job Hazard Analysis
Sometimes used today to include an analysis of many types of hazards, (safety, environmental, quality, etc.)
Analyzing the hazards, not the safety.
The Job Hazard Analysis is probably the most widely used term today, though JSA is still often used.
This is partly just a choice of wording.
The Professional Safety article concludes by saying that the JSA / JHA process has been repackaged over time, and therefore has not sustained a perceived value. The author writes that this may be due to companies not aiming their efforts at the jobs with the highest potential return on investment of time. He acknowledges how some procedural controls have limited effectiveness on conditions like ergonomic disorders.
The author also notes that companies should focus some effort in their JSAs at the non-routine tasks. It is often these abnormal situations that present unique hazards. He also recommends that ergonomic issues be addresed within the JSAs.

5. Hazard Analysis Benefits
The analysis:
Increases employee hazard recognition and awareness
Standardizes operations based on acceptable safe practices
Identifies appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Allows formal documentation of employee’s knowledge of the job requirements.
These are benefits that can be seen by doing any quality analysis of a job; not just doing the things shown in this presentation.

6. Hazard Analysis Benefits
The analysis can also help with:
Employee training
Identify jobs for return to work program
Employee orientation
Job reviews
Document corrections and improvements
Safety Audits
Accident Investigations
You need to decide up front how you want to use the JHA. Do you want to use it in training? Do you want to keep it as a living document? These decisions will help you choose the best people to be on teams, the best forms to use to create and document the JHAs.
If you are going to go through the process, you ought to leverage many uses for the information. Complying with OSHA regulations is one of those uses.

7. OSHA Requirements General Duty Clause 5(a)(1)
Many OSHA Standards require hazard analysis:
Emergency Action Plans
Hazcom
PPE
Lockout / Tagout
Confined Spaces
Injury & Illness Prevention Plan (I2P2) ?
The General Duty Clause always seems to be brought out as a “threat” during safety talks. Having an analysis of your jobs that are well-done and understood by the employees can show goodwill during an OSHA inspection.
(d)(1)
The employer shall assess the workplace to determine if hazards are present, or are likely to be present, which necessitate the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). If such hazards are present, or likely to be present, the employer shall: …….
(d)(2)
The employer shall verify that the required workplace hazard assessment has been performed through a written certification that identifies the workplace evaluated; the person certifying that the evaluation has been performed; the date(s) of the hazard assessment; and, which identifies the document as a certification of hazard assessment. (The new OSHA PPE compliance guide for inspectors tells them how to cite companies that haven’t done this)
I2P2
According to OH&S magazine of May 6, 2010,
“The rule will require employers to develop and implement a program that minimizes worker exposure to safety and health hazards. Instead of waiting for an OSHA inspection or a workplace incident to address workplace hazards, employers would be required to create a plan for identifying and correcting hazards, and then implement the plan. Workers would also participate in the development and implementation of such plans.”

8. OSHA JHA Booklet Available online as a pdf file Covers only the basics
Who needs to read this booklet?
What is a hazard?
What is a job hazard analysis?
Why is job hazard analysis important?
What is the value of a job hazard analysis?
What jobs are appropriate for a job hazard analysis?
Where do I begin?
How do I identify workplace hazards?
How do I correct or prevent any hazards?
What else do I need to know before starting a job hazard analysis?
Why should I review my job hazard analysis?
When is it appropriate to hire a professional to conduct a job hazard analysis?
To find this booklet, go to and in the Publications tab, do a search for Job Hazard Analysis. You will have a choice between an HTML and PDF version of this booklet. Only the first half, or 14 pages, of the booklet cover the basics of the JHA. The remainder of the booklet tell the various ways that employers can get compliance assistance from OSHA.

9. Definitions HAZARD EXPOSURE RISK
An object, condition or pratice which has the potential to cause undesired consequences (injury, illness, loss or damage).
“Something potentially harmful”
EXPOSURE
Contact between hazard and somebody (or something).
Without exposure to the hazard there is no risk!
RISK
Chance of an undesired consequence (injury, illness, loss or damage) due to exposure to a hazard.
To fully UNDERSTAND a Risk Assessment, you must first understand some KEY elements / terms.
The 2 words HAZARD & RISK are often incorrectly used in health & safety.
HAZARD
An object, condition or pratice which has the potential to cause undesired consequences (injury, illness, loss or damage).
Biological
Chemical
Electrical
Thermal – Hot/Cold
Acoustic - Noise
Radiation
Kinetic – Movement
EXPOSURE is the link between the 2 key elements (HAZARD & RISK).
Physical exposure – When a person is generally arm’s length from the danger zone
Environmental exposure – A person can be any distance from excessive noise, heat, etc.
RISK
Chance (probability) of an undesired consequence (injury, illness, loss or damage) due to exposure to a hazard.
When a person is EXPOSED to the HAZARD, we produce a RISK !!

10. HAZARD EXPOSURE RISK Lion Injury – Bite Illness – Rabies
Loss / Damage – Ripped Cloths
or equipment
damage
Chance /probability
of an undesired
consequence
Lion attack
Three men in truck in
presence / proximity of lion.
Hazard(object): Lion
Exposure: Humans / truck near lion
Risk: Probability of attack / high
WITHOUT EXPOSURE TO THE HAZARD, THERE IS NO RISK!
Remove the Hazard(lion) or Exposure(men) there is no RISK
The size of RISK is the CHANCE (PROBABILITY) of a dangerous event happening multiplied by the EFFECT (SEVERITY) of any harm caused.
In this case the Risk was HIGH

11. ? EXPOSURE RISK HAZARD Low Risk Medium Risk High Risk Very High Risk
Hazard(object): Train
Exposure: On Tracks - High
Off Tracks - Low
Risk: On Tracks – Very High
Off Tracks – Low / Does not Exsist
WITHOUT EXPOSURE TO THE HAZARD, THERE IS NO RISK!
Remove the Hazard(lion) or Exposure(men) there is no RISK

12. Risk = Probability x Severity
Risk is a function of two variables: Probability (sometimes called Frequency) and Severity. The greater the probability or severity - the higher the risk.
To create a JHA, you must decide what the severity and probability is for each hazard.
Many companies use a matrix to illustrate the Severity x Probability = Risk
Certainly, a high risk task would be one with potential catastrophic consequences, even with fairly low probability. Would a minor injury that is expected to happen all of the time also get a high risk ranking? Where changes can be made to reduce or eliminate hazards, how does management know which hazard to address first?
Many companies score the various hazards using a two-dimensional matrix. Colors are often used to show the green, low risks up to the red, high risks.

13. Risk Rating Table Risk Rating Table Risk evaluation tool in worksheet
Review risk levels.
Low Risk Controls are in-place / minimal risk to Operators. Utilize continuous improvement teams to advance controls to "best practice" stage.
Medium Risk Implement short term corrective / preventative measures in-place (ex. Communications, PPE). Research long term measures to eliminate hazards or risk.
High Risk Immediate corrective / preventative measures to be taken. Research Engineering and Administrative controls and re-revaluate task prior to re-introduction
Very High Risk Unacceptable task. Eliminate of stop task immediately. Research engineering controls and re-evaluate task prior to re-introduction. 13
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14. Risk Matrix Severity / Frequency
A quick Google search for images for the term “risk matrix” shows hundreds of versions of them.
You must decide within your own company what kind of risk ranking you want to do to the various hazards you identify in a JHA. Perhaps you already use a risk ranking system for a management system of governmental requirement. Lincoln Electric developed a severity / frequency matrix for its Environmental management system (ISO 14001) that it then applied to the JHA process.
Develop the best one for YOU

15. JSA Example Job Safety Analysis Worksheet Date:
Title of Job/Operation:
Log Number:
Employee Name and Job Title:
Analyst and Date:
Division/Bureau/Section:
Approved By and Date:
Personal Protective Equipment required or recommended:
Job Steps
Hazards
Recommended Safe Job Procedures
Many of the ways to document a JSA or JHA contain three main columns.
The steps of the job are listed.
Then, the hazards of doing that particular step are written down.
Finally, the procedures that allow the worker to avoid the hazards are documented.
Other information is put onto the form. Basic information about Who, What, When, Where are written. Often a list of chemicals used, and PPE required is listed at the top. Remember, this part can help you comply with various OSHA regulations.
The following slides will cover a little of each of the three columns.
JSA Example

16. Defining Step of a Process
Example: (Task) Planting a Tree
Steps:
Dig a hole
Insert tree
Backfill hole
Right level of steps? No
This is an example of not enough steps to define a task.
It will be difficult to evaluate all the hazards and risks involved in this sequence of steps.
Tools? Fill? Brace tree? 16
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17. Defining Step of a Process
Example: (Task) Planting a Tree
Steps:
Select site.
Obtain shovel from shed.
Carry shovel to selected site.
Hold shovel upright.
Place shovel on ground.
Place right foot on shovel.
Push on shovel with foot.
Pull back on shovel.
Right level of steps? No
This is an example of too much detail / definition task.
Even though these are valid step of the task, they can be summarized.
If the Team continued down this path, the analysis would yield 70 – 90 key steps.
It will be difficult to evaluate all the hazards and risks involved in this sequence of steps. 17
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18. Defining Step of a Process
Example: (Task) Planting a Tree
Steps:
Obtain tools from storage.
Dig hole.
Prepare hole.
Position tree in hole.
Backfill and tamp.
Brace tree.
Return tools from storage.
Right level of steps?
Yes
This is an example of defined tasks that can be evaluated.
Advance the task to completion.
Ten to 15 key steps.
Hazards and risk can be evaluated.
It will take practice performing Hazard & Risk analysis to figure out the right level of detail for your site. 18
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19. Types of Workplace Hazards
Here are some main categories of hazards you can capture during the creation of a JSA / JHA. It can be handy to put together a list of possible hazards, and have them in front of you when you and your group talk about a job. This way, you may think of some possible hazards, possibly uncommon ones, that haven’t been brought up before.
You can use incident reports to recall hazards from the past.

20. Exercise: Identify hazards
There are 6six(6) major HAZARDS (“potentially harmful things”) that we can see here (you may spot more!):
1. Sharp edge of cooker hood at head level
2. Sharp edge of kitchen cupboard
3. Unknown liquid in bottle
4. Holding child (weight) with only one arm
5. Naked flame of gas ring
6. Hot liquid being stirred

21. Hierarchy of Controls Procedure(s) to Use in JHA
Hazard or risk
Eliminate
Substitute
Engineer out the problem
Using the previous example:
Hazard: Lion
Controls: (in order of preference)
Elimination – remove the lion
Substitution – stuffed lion
Engineering – cage the lion
Administrative – ban the lion and issue work instruction
Personal Protective Equipment(PPE) – bite suit and helmet
Administrative control
Personal protective equipment
2018/4/20 21

22. Which Jobs To Do First? Prioritizing the JHAs
Jobs with the highest injury, illness close call rates
Jobs that have the potential to cause serious injury
Jobs in which one simple human error could cause injury
Jobs complex enough to have written instructions
Jobs that are new to you facility
Jobs that significantly had changes in process technology or procedures
You can’t do all of the jobs right away. So how do you pick the jobs to analyze and document first?
Prioritization of tasks drive attention to the High Risk jobs / tasks.
Helps the Team or Site focus on large impact items (injury prevention). 22
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23. Employee Involvement Reasons for involving employees:
Familiar with the job
They can Identify hazards not observable by others.
Gains “buy-in” for necessary changes.

24. Members of the Team Typical members: Safety manager
Safety team members
Employees
Supervisors
Human Resources
Engineering

25. JSA Example Job Safety Analysis Worksheet Date:
Title of Job/Operation:
Log Number:
Employee Name and Job Title:
Analyst and Date:
Division/Bureau/Section:
Approved By and Date:
Personal Protective Equipment required or recommended:
Job Steps
Hazards
Recommended Safe Job Procedures
This basic JSA form, found online, has the three main columns: Steps, Hazards and Procedures. It doesn’t have a way to rank the hazards, and doesn’t give a process for assigning and tracking any changes that are identified.
JSA Example

26. JJ Keller product for writing JSAs
This editable pdf file has the three main columns, and a place to put other information. There are other sources for tools to aid in writing JHAs.
JJ Keller product for writing JSAs

27. US Army Corps of Engineers
This editable pdf file has the three main columns, and a place to put other information. There are other sources for tools to aid in writing JHAs.
US Army Corps of Engineers

28. Risk Analysis Worksheet
Review the sections of the Job Hazards Analysis template. 28
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30. 2005
Lincoln Electric
JSA

31. 2011 Lincoln Electric JHA There are 149 completed JHAs in our system.
We use a software product called RiskSafe (Dyadem) to write and modify them. Note: this product is being phased out for a next generation web-based package called STATURE.
The template for these was modified 18 times in the early days before it ended up like this.
6700 completions for JHAs were done in Of those were for one JHA, known as JHA 4000, for Universal Hazards.
JHA training accounted for around 1/3 of the EHS training completions in 2010.

32. Severity Frequency Risk
The colorful columns were added to help understand the risks before any procedures were documented, and the expected risk after the procedure is in place.
Sometimes a procedure will help reduce severity of an incident (seat belt). Sometimes it will reduce the probability of an incident (don’t text while driving). Sometimes it will reduce both (good tires in Winter)(spin out less often; going slower when finally hitting something)
The JSA became the JHA, and changes were made to make it a training document for new and experience employees.
As a training document, watch out for the vocabulary level. Keep it even lower than you think, to make sure you don’t confuse workers.
Watch for the use of company slang terms. They will confuse new workers.
Severity
Frequency
Risk

33. The Risk is a product of the Severity (1-4) and the probability, or frequency (1-5)
This is not a simple “greater than 12 is serious.” There is a 5 that is a Moderate risk because the probability is so high. There are some low-risk 4’s and Negligible 4’s.

34. Frequency (Probability)
One of the hard things for team members to grasp is how to judge the probability of an event that may never have happened before. You want there to be consistency between teams and JHAs.
Also, some jobs have only one worker, some have many doing them. The probability for the student being trained needs to be the probability of each person to face the hazard. The probability doesn’t go up just because there are more people doing the job.
It will help you to give the teams guidance they can refer to when deciding on severity and probability of a hazard.

35. Severity
Lincoln found it very smooth to use OSHA recordkeeping criteria to rank the severity of a hazard. Most employees understand the categories of first aid, beyond first aid, and Lost Time.
The environmental risks are also included in the JHA and ranked. An environmental hazard that might result in breaking a law gets a a major or higher severity. Lincoln has never started using the equipment loss or downtime columns in the JHAs. We imagine the day in the future where these JHAs cover more than EHS issues.
Again, guidance documents are made available to the teams. They are not used as often as the probability cheat sheet, because of the understanding about OSHA recordkeeping.

36. N = Negligible. No additional Controls are to be added.
L = Low. No additional Controls are to be added.
M = Moderate. The Moderate Hazards must be discussed by the JHA Create Team members. The JHA Create Team members will investigate the hazard risk further and decide if additional Controls are to be added, or if no further Controls need to be implemented.
H = High. When a High Hazard situation is determined in the Hazard Risk Matrix, Lincoln Electric mandates that additional Controls be implemented to reduce the Hazard Risk to a Moderate, or lower, result. Refer to Controls (see above definition of terms section) for additional information about reducing the Hazard Risk.
The JHA Create Teams shall not submit any JHA’s with High Hazards for Managerial Review. High Hazards shall have been reduced to a Moderate, or lower, before such a submission may take place.
If you put the risk ranking in your JHA, you need to decide as a company what you will do with the “risky” ones. Do you document it, and talk to your workers about the risks, or do you make a commitment to lower all risks to some maximum threshold?
This list of ranked risks can become your to-do list. When logged with other high risks from other JHAs, they can be the priority list for management, engineering or maintenance folks.

37. Training
We are now building online training packages for the most-used JHAs.
The section of the JHA itself is shown. Photos are used to illustrate the hazard and protections. Audio is used to supplement the text on the screen.
A link to the full JHA is given, so the student can look at the entire document.
At the end of the training, an online test is given. In addition to testing on specific hazards, the questions also test the student’s knowledge of how to read a JHA.

38. Summary of Hints
Before you start, decide what you will do with the JHAs.
Do the up-front work on forms, risk matrix, guidance documents, management support before you write the 1st JHA. Write, tweak, firm up the process.
Do the extra work to have your JHA process help you comply with various OSHA regulations.
Look at ergonomic hazards during the analysis.
Look at the abnormal or non-routine parts of the job.
Consider covering environmental hazards in your JHAs.

39. Summary of Hints
Prioritize your jobs / tasks, so you can focus on the most “risky” ones first.
Get the workers on your teams.
Don’t stop in the middle of the process. Forge ahead.