1. Chapter 11
Endocrine System

2. Endocrine Glands Glands produce secretions
Endocrine glands make hormones
Hormones use the circulatory system to reach their target
Do not confuse with exocrine glands which has secretions that go through a duct

3. Function of the Endocrine System
Coordinate and integrate functions to maintain homeostasis
Hypothalamus
Neurotransmitters

4. Function of the Endocrine System
Pituitary gland
Negative feedback system
Nervous control

5. Pituitary Gland About size of a grape Located at base of brain
Connected to the hypothalamus
Anterior lobe and posterior lobe
Also known as the master gland

6. Anterior Lobe – Pituitary
Growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin
Prolactin hormone (PRL)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

7. Anterior Lobe – Pituitary
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH)

8. Intermediate Lobe – Pituitary
Few cells along borders of posterior and anterior lobes
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

9. Posterior Lobe – Pituitary
Vasopressin converts to antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the bloodstream
Oxytocin

10. Thyroid Glands
Located in neck close to the cricoid cartilage (Adam’s apple)
Regulates body metabolism
Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Calcitonin

11. Parathyroid Glands Four glands size of grains of rice
Attached to the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
Maintains calcium-phosphorus balance
Parathormone
Parathormone and calcitonin
Antagonistic effects

12. Thymus Gland Both an endocrine gland and lymphatic organ
Located under the sternum
Decreases in size with aging
thymosin

13. Adrenal Glands Located on top of each kidney
Have a cortex and a medulla
ACTH from the pituitary gland stimulated activity of the cortex

14. Adrenal Cortex
Mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids
Androgens
Estrogens

15. Adrenal Medulla Epinephrine or adrenalin Norephinephrine
Powerful cardiac stimulant
Norephinephrine
Responds to the sympathetic nervous system
Fight-or-flight hormones

16. Gonads
Also called sex glands
Female
Ovaries
Male
Testes

17. Gonads – Hormones
Female
Estrogen
Progesterone
Male
Testosterone

18. Pancreas Located behind stomach Exocrine and endocrine functions
Insulin
Glucagon

19. Pineal Gland Located on the roof of the third ventricle in the brain
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Melatonin

20. Other Hormones Prostaglandins
Activity depends on which tissue secretes them
Exact nature and function is being studied

21. Animation – Endocrine System
Click Here to play Endocrine System animation

22. Effects of Aging Affects nearly every gland
Blood levels of some hormones increase while others decrease
Affects the homeostasis of the body

23. Endocrine System Disorders
A number of factors can cause problems
Disease of the gland
Autoimmune causes
Infections
Dietary deficiencies
Signs and symptoms usually do to hyper- or hypoactivity of the glands

24. Disorders – Pituitary Hyperfunction Hypofunction Diabetes insipidus
Gigantism
Acromegaly
Hypofunction
Dwarfism
Diabetes insipidus

25. Disorders – Thyroid Diagnostic tests Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism
Myxedema
Cretinism

26. Disorders – Parathyroid
Hyperparathyroidism
Increased blood calcium
Hypoparathyroidism
Decreased blood calcium
Tetany

27. Disorders – Adrenal Cortex
Hyperfunction
Cushing’s syndrome
Hypofunction
Addison’s disease

28. Steroid Abuse in Sports
Androgenic anabolic steroids
Risks of taking
Males
Females

29. Diabetes Mellitus Pancreatic disorder
Decreased secretion of insulin from the islets of Langerhans cells or by the ineffective use of insulin
Type I and Type II diabetes

30. Diabetes Mellitus Signs and symptoms Pathophysiology
Hypo- and hyperglycemia
Diagnostic tests
Treatments