1. Crusades
Christian or Not?

2. Reform
The Papacy led reform in the middle ages led by men like Gregory VII
Papacy became most powerful office in Europe
After Gregory, Pope’s such as Innocent III were not bishops but canon lawyers and experts in church government but still had exalted view of the office

3. Papacy
Innocent III told princes that they were like the moon while the Pope was the sun and moon receives light from the sun
The pope used the threat of excommunication against people including kings
They would set apart from the church and deprived from the grace necessary for salvation

4. Papacy
A bishop would read the excommunication and bells would ring signaling death, a book was closed, and a candle extinguished.
Mass would be halted if that man entered church again.
While excommunicated people could not be judges, juror, witness, or attorney.

5. Papacy Pope also used interdict which was aimed at nations
Suspended worship and withheld sacraments from disobedient rulers
Innocent III did this 85 times
In England, King John differed over the archbishop of Canterbury. John eventually gave in and became the Pope’s vassal.
The Pope had unusual powers during this time.

6. Islam Muhammad was born in 570
Overseer of camels and suddenly became over business affairs of a wealthy widow at age 25. He married her and she died 15 years later. Once she died he took numerous wives.
At age 40 he retired into a cave for contemplation and meditation.
He told his wife after one of them that an angel told him to “recite” and thus became the Koran

7. Islam
His wife became his first follower and then some family members and after some battles and wars he gained a vast following in Arabia.
Numerous capitals fell in the first 100 years: Jerusalem, Cairo, and Damascus.
He died in 632 and dissension over his successor
Sunni-should be elected
Shiite-come from his bloodline

8. Islam
By the 8th century over one half of Christians lived under Islamic rule
For centuries peaceful pilgrims had been traveling to worship at the birthplace of Christ
During the 11th century these pilgrims started to encounter persecution
Selijuk Turks were more fanatical and seized Jerusalem from fellow Mulisms

9. 1st Crusade
In 1095 the eastern Emperor Alexius I sent an appeal for help and Pope Urban II proclaimed the first crusade to take back the Holy Land.
Urban said that “God wills it”
Crusade means taking the cross
On the way, crusaders wore a cross on his breast and on the way back on his back
Urban promised them full forgiveness of their past sins if they fought

10. Crusade Constantinople was under threat due to Selijuk Turks
Also, the church hoped the crusade would help heal the Great Schism

11. Europe
It was a difficult time in many parts of Europe, Crops had failed and disease was rampant.
So, the call to go fight in the Holy Land was received with enthusiasm by many
Along the way the were like locusts destroying others crops so they had to fight other Christians along the way and killed many Jews as well

12. 1st Crusade
The first crusade was made up mostly of feudal lords from France, Germany, and Italy.
With the help of the Byzantines, they took Nicea and then marched on Antioch but suffered many losses.
Siege on Antioch-Lance that speared Christ
They finally saw the Holy city on June 7, 1099

13. 1st Crusade
On July 15, 1099 the crusaders broke through and took the city.
Differing reports say they killed everyone including women and children and burned the Jews in the synagogue.

14. Crusades
The crusading spirit carried on for centuries but the 7 noted crusades are the high points
2nd Crusade occurred when the Sultan of Aleppo took Edessa
Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany led this but were repeatedly defeated by the Turks
The Muslims were more organized after the 1st crusade

15. Crusades
The 3rd crusade was led by: Richard the Lionhearted, Emperor Fredrick Barbarossa, and Phillip II Augustus of France
Fredrick drowned-Phillip returned home to take some of Richard’s lands and Richard was captured on his way home by the Emperor of Germany and held until a huge ransom was paid

16. Crusades The 4th Crusade was called by Innocent III
The goal was to attack Saladin in Egypt
The crusaders were rerouted to Constantinople because there was a dispute over the crown there

17. Crusades The 5th crusade accomplished very little
The 6th was led by excommunicated Emperor Fredrick II had better success. He was granted access to Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem. He crowned himself
7th and 8th led by Louis IX of France. He was captured in the 7th and died in the 8th
By 1270, the crusades had run their course