1. Petrochemical Technology (TKK-2130)
16/17 Spring Semester
Petrochemical Technology (TKK-2130)
Instructor: Rama Oktavian
Office Hr.: M.10-15, Tu , W , Th , F

2. Ethylene, What is it, actually? It’s : C2H4 !! 2 carbons, 4 hydrogens
Olefins: Ethylene
Ethylene,
What is it, actually?
It’s : C2H4 !!
2 carbons, 4 hydrogens

3. Olefins: Ethylene Business of 8 to 10 Billion €/year… World Capacity
130 Million t/y
(2006)
Business of
8 to 10 Billion €/year…
World Capacity
Basic chemical for 1 billion derivatives
Club of “five”
TECHNIP
Lummus
S&W
KBR
Linde

4. Olefins: Ethylene From ethylene to plastics & other usages
The 10 plastic products most used in the world:
Polyethylene : PE
Polypropylene: PP
Polystyrene: PS
Polyurethane
PVC
Polyester
Nylon
Kevlar
Perspex
Teflon

5. Olefins: Ethylene whole petrochemical industry unavoidable,
From ethylene to plastics & other usages
The mostly used chemical reactions from ethylene:
Polymerisation = polymers
Oxydation = polyesters, urethane, glycols, acetate,...
Halogenation: PVC
Alkylation: Styrene
Hydration: proteins, ethanol...
Oligomerisation: plasticizer
Oxo-reaction: herbicides
Pure: ripening agent
Ethylene is now : Necessary,
unavoidable,
basis for the
whole petrochemical industry

6. Olefins: Ethylene Xylenes Isoprene Polyvinyl Chloride Polyethylenes
Polypropylenes
Butadiene Rubber
Styrene Butadiene Rubber
Thermoplastic Rubber
Isoprene Rubber
Polystyrenes
Epoxy Resins
Polyethylene Terephthalate
Terephthalic Acid (PTA)
Para-Xylene
Polyurethanes
Ethylene
Propylene
Vinyl Chloride (VCM)
Ethylene Oxide (EO)
Allyl Chloride
Propylene Oxide (PO)
Butadiene
C5 Olefins
Oil / Gas
Feedstocks
To Cracker
Benzene
Toluene
Cumene
Acetone
Phenol
Diphenyl methane Di-Isocyanate (MDI)
Toluene Di-Isocyanate (TDI)
Diphenylol Propane
Monoethylene Glycol (MEG)
Epichlorohydrin (ECH)
Polyether Polyols
Styrene (SM)
Aromatics
Olefins

7. Olefins: Ethylene
Ethylene derivatives

8. Olefins: Ethylene Ethylene
It is a gazeous hormone produced by fruits and vegetables… (since 1991), from methionine decomposition…
It is a gas discovered in 1777, in Amsterdam, by heating sulfuric acid and wine alcool…:
first name = “oily hydrogenated carbonated gas”, or: « liquor of the Dutchmen »!
It is the basis for the whole modern petrochemistry: Union-Carbide, Standard Oil NJ, IG Farben et ICI (polymers) have initiated it in the 1920/30

9. Olefins: Ethylene Ethylene : How is it made?
In « cracking » furnaces, getting larger & larger:
180,000 t/y per furnace,
by heating, and cracking, very quickly (0.1 second), at high temp. (800 to 850 °C), 'hydrocarbons', i.e compounds containing carbon and hydrogen,
In presence of steam, inert, which 'controls' the cracking reactions, hence the word 'steam-cracking'

10. Olefins: Ethylene
Ethylene : How is it made?

11. Olefins: Ethylene Ethylene : How is it made?
Then, it’s only separation of the by-products, also produced during the cracking reactions in the furnaces: hydrogen, methane, propylene, butadiene, fuel-oil, etc…
By means of compression, cooling/refrigeration, distillation,… in order to isolate each component
Problems: coke deposits (soot/carbon layers) in the heaters: cyclic shut-down (2/3 days every other 30/50 days)

12. Olefins: Ethylene Characteristics of olefins production
Strongly endothermic process
Absorbed duty: Q ~1.6 Gcal / tonne of feed
For kta cracker: fired heat ~ 840 MW
Feed
Products Q

13. Olefins: Ethylene Characteristics of olefins production
Steam cracking = cracking of hydrocarbon molecules having, at least, 2 atomes of carbon : C
Ethane C
Propane, LPG …… C
…..………
Naphtha ……
Gasoil, HVGO (Shell)

14. Olefins: Ethylene Characteristics of olefins production C + H2
heat
(C2H6
Ethane)
800 °C
0.1 second
Simple :
In fact :
C2H6
CH3 +
CH4
C2H5
C2H4 H
C2H6 + H
C2H4 + H2
… etc … etc …
Free radical, fugitive, non isolable…
Steam : inert

15. Olefins: Ethylene
Ethylene : How is it made?

16. Olefins: Ethylene Cracking technology “Cracking” is: non-catalytic
governed by reaction kinetics
intrinsically non-selective
Hence:
looking primitive and unsophisticated, but
requires advanced engineering modelling

17. Olefins: Ethylene
Cracking technology

18. Olefins: Ethylene
Cracking technology

19. Olefins: Ethylene
Cracking technology

20. Olefins: Ethylene
Steam Cracking
Cracking technology

21. Conventional Naphtha-based Steam Cracking Process

22. Conventional Naphtha-based Steam Cracking Process

23. Conventional Naphtha-based Steam Cracking Process

24. Other technologies for ethylene production
Methanol dehydrogenation
consists of three sections, a fluidized bed reactor (the catalyst is kept moving by vaporized feed/ product), a catalyst regeneration vessel, and products separation columns

25. Other technologies for ethylene production
Methanol dehydrogenation
consists of three sections, a fluidized bed reactor (the catalyst is kept moving by vaporized feed/ product), a catalyst regeneration vessel, and products separation columns

26. Olefins: Ethylene Polyethylene
Nowadays, complex polymer design and significant process developments can be obtained using gas-phase processes

27. Olefins: Ethylene Polyethylene HDPE
HDPE density ranges from to g/cc
HDWPE
weight-average MW is between 200,000 and 500,000
a density range between and g/cc
UHMWPE
Molecular weight of over 3 million
LLDPE
density is g/cc or less

28. Olefins: Ethylene
Polyethylene

29. Olefins: Ethylene Polyethylene

30. Olefins: Ethylene Polyethylene

31. Olefins: Ethylene
Polyethylene

32. Olefins: Ethylene
Polyethylene

33. Olefins: Ethylene
Polyethylene

34. Olefins: Ethylene
PE products in Indonesia
Chandra asri

35. Olefins: Ethylene
PE products in Indonesia
Chandra asri

36. Olefins: Ethylene PE products in Indonesia
LLDPE - Lotte Chemical Titan

37. Olefins: Ethylene
PE products in Indonesia
HDPE - Lotte Chemical Titan

38. Olefins: Ethylene HDPE in Chandra Asri Consists of 5 units:
Catalyst preparation
Polymerization unit
Diluent recovery
Separation and drying
Finishing and bagging

39. Olefins: Ethylene
HDPE in Chandra Asri
Catalyst preparation:

40. Olefins: Ethylene
HDPE in Chandra Asri
Polymerization

41. Olefins: Ethylene
HDPE in Chandra Asri
Polymerization

42. Olefins: Ethylene HDPE in Chandra Asri Polymerization Initiation
Propagation
Termination

43. Olefins: Ethylene
HDPE in Chandra Asri
Separation and drying

44. Olefins: Ethylene
HDPE in Chandra Asri
Diluent recovery

45. Olefins: Ethylene
HDPE in Chandra Asri
Finishing and bagging

46. Olefins: Ethylene
HDPE in Chandra Asri
Finishing and bagging

47. Thank You !