1. HOW ECOSYSTEMS WORK
Page 29 in notebook

2. ECOSYSTEM
A physically distinct area with a community of interacting organisms
LIVING or BIOTIC factors: producers, consumers , decomposers
NON-LIVING or ABIOTIC factors: geologic, physical or chemical

3. Life on Earth Depends on the Sun
6 CO H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2

4. PRODUCERS
Organisms that can use sunlight directly to make their own energy
AKA : AUTOTROPH
Trap solar energy and perform photosynthesis
Vital to ecosystems
Ex: grasses, algae, cactuses, trees

5. Marine Producers
Phytoplankton
Diatoms
Dinoflagellates
seaweed

6. CONSUMERS Rely on producers directly or indirectly for their energy
AKA : HETEROTROPHS
Primary Consumers = Herbivores
Secondary Consumers = Carnivores or
Omnivores

7. Marine CONSUMERS Zooplankton Krill Sponges Jellyfish Molluscs
Crustaceans
Echinoderms
Worms
Vetebrates

8. DECOMPOSERS Breaks down dead organisms and waste material
Returns nutrients to soil, water and air
Ex : fungi and bacteria
Are theses organisms producers or consumers?

9. ENERGY TRANSFER
Each time one organism eats another, a transfer of energy occurs
Study energy transfers by mapping out food chains and food webs

11. Marine Food Chain

12. SPECIAL TERMS
Predator
Prey
Scavenger
Parasite
Host

13. Marine Ecosystems Estuaries Salt Marsh Mangrove Swamp
Rocky Shore/Intertidal Zone
Sandy Shore/Barrier Island
Coral Reef
Hydrothermal Vents

15. FOOD WEB

16. PYRAMID Concept
1- NUMBERS
2- BIOMASS
3- ENERGY

17. Pyramid of Numbers

18. Pyramid of Biomass

19. Pyramid of Energy

20. Food Web Questions
Are there any relationships on the diagram that are not feeding relationships?
Are some organisms more important than others?
Why are decomposers important?
Do you think anything is missing?
Where do humans fit?

21. SCENARIOS Commercial fishery triples the annual catch of Red Cod .
IMPACT A
Commercial fishery triples the annual catch of Red Cod . B
The land on the edge of the estuary is converted to intensive farming. There is a big increase in agricultural runoff and nutrients into the estuary. This increases the risk of phytoplankton blooms. C
Due to increased carbon emissions, the ocean is becoming more acidic. Bryozoans and other shelled animals can no longer make their shells.
SCENARIOS

22. SCENARIOS Commercial fishery triples the annual catch of Red Cod .
IMPACT A
Commercial fishery triples the annual catch of Red Cod .
Increase in zooplankton, small fish and juvenile sea stars B
The land on the edge of the estuary is converted to intensive farming. There is a big increase in agricultural runoff and nutrients into the estuary. This increases the risk of phytoplankton blooms.
Phytoplankton blooms;
Depletion of oxygen , death of fish C
Due to increased carbon emissions, the ocean is becoming more acidic. Bryozoans and other shelled animals can no longer make their shells.
Organisms with Calcium Carbonate shells cannot produce a shell; organisms grow more slowly, shells become thinner,

23. IMPACT A
Commercial fishery triples the annual catch of Red Cod .
Decrease in squid, sea birds and dolphins; damage to seafloor B
The land on the edge of the estuary is converted to intensive farming. There is a big increase in agricultural runoff and nutrients into the estuary. This increases the risk of phytoplankton blooms.
SHARP INCREASE IN DECOMPOSITION OF THE DEAD ORGANISMS BY OXYGEN-USING BACTERIA C
Due to increased carbon emissions, the ocean is becoming more acidic. Bryozoans and other shelled animals can no longer make their shells.
Loss of cockles and other bivalves as well as the loss of bryozoan habitats
SCENARIOS

24. Calculate the Percentage loss of energy at each level
Cayuga lake, NY- lake ecosystem
Humans calories
Trout calories
Smelt calories
Small aquatic calories
animals
5. Algae calories

25. Calculate the Percentage loss of energy at each level
Cayuga lake, NY- lake ecosystem
Humans calories %
Trout calories %
Smelt calories %
Small aquatic calories %
animals
5. Algae calories

29. BIOLOGICAL MAGNIFICATION

31. Biological Magnification
Aka: bio-magnification or
bio-accumulation
The concentration of a substance that cannot be broken down naturally (non- biodegradable) increases as it passes through the food chain/web
Often the increase is 10 times
Often fatal to higher level consumers