1. Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition
Lecture PowerPoint to accompany
Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition
Sylvia S. Mader
Chapter 35
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2. 35.1 Climate and the Biosphere
Climate: The prevailing weather conditions in a particular region.
Temperature and Rainfall
Solar Radiation Distribution
Other Effects

3. 35.1 Climate and the Biosphere
Effect of Solar Radiation
The sun’s rays are more direct at the equator and more spread out nearing the poles.
The Earth is on a slight tilt. As the Earth orbits, different areas are tilted toward or away from the sun.

4. Distribution of Solar Energy

5. 35.1 Climate and the Biosphere
Effect of Solar Radiation
The flow of warm and cold air form three large circulation patterns in each hemisphere.
The direction in which the air rises and cools determines the direction of the wind.
Northern Hemisphere: Large scale winds generally move clockwise, in the southern hemisphere they move counterclockwise.

6. Global Wind Circulation

8. 35.1 Climate and the Biosphere
Other Effects
Topography: The physical features of land.
Mountains: Create a rain shadow
The windward side receives more rain than the leeward side. As air blows up the mountain, it rises and cools.
As air descends the other side of the mountain, it picks up moisture.
Monsoon Climate
Cool, wet air blows in to land off the oceans, and replaces the warm air. The warm air rises, losing moisture.
Lake Effect
Cool winds blow over a lake, the air warms and collects moisture. The warm air rises and loses its water.

9. Formation of a Rain Shadow

10. 35.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems
Biome: A Major Type of Terrestrial Ecosystem
Characteristic mix of plants and animals
Climate influences which species survive
Distribution of biomes is due to climatic factors
Solar radiation
Water
Topography

11. Climate and Terrestrial Biomes

13. 35.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems
Tundra
Encircles Earth south of polar seas in the Northern Hemisphere
Very cold and dark most of the year—short growing season, precipitation is minimal
Permafrost prevents water drainage
Vegetation
Lichens, short grasses, dwarf shrubs
Animals
Lemmings, ptarmigans, caribou, reindeer, wolves, polar bears

14. Tundra

15. 35.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems
Coniferous Forests
Taiga
Northern part of North America and Eurasia
Trees are well adapted to the cold climate
Needles (reduced leaves), thick bark
Vegetation
Cone-bearing trees: pine, firs, spruce
Mosses, lichens
Animals
Bears, deer, moose, beaver, muskrats, wolves, birds
Temperate Rainforest
Western coast of the United States and Canada
Old growth forest

16. Coniferous Forest

17. 35.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems
Temperate Deciduous Forests
Eastern North America, Europe, Eastern Asia
Well-defined seasons, long growing season, relatively high precipitation
Vegetation
Oak, beech, maple, and other broad-leaf deciduous trees
Tall trees form canopy, shrubs and shorter trees below
Lichens, ferns on forest floor
Animals
Squirrels, rabbits, chipmunks, and other small herbivores.
Turkeys, pheasants, and grouse
Beaver, muskrats, red foxes, deer, and black bears
Reptiles (turtles) and amphibians (frogs)

18. Temperate Deciduous Forests

19. 35.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems
Tropical Forests
South America, Africa, Indo-Malayan region
Weather is always warm, abundant rainfall
Biome with the greatest diversity of species of plants and animals
Complex structure, many levels of life
Many animals live in the trees
Epiphytes are plants that grow on other plants

20. Representative Animals of the Tropical Rain Forests of the World

21. 35.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems
Shrublands
Shrubs with waxy leaves, adapted to arid conditions
Subject to burn-off from fires due to dryness
Animals include coyotes, jackrabbits, gophers and other rodents

22. Shrublands

23. 35.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems
Grasslands
Rainfall is greater than 25 cm/year but not enough to support trees
Grasses well adapted to changing environment
Animals include small mammals, hawks, snakes, coyotes, antelope and bison.
Savannas: grasslands that contain some trees
African savanna-greatest variety of large herbivores
Animals include elephants, giraffes, zebras, wildebeests

24. The Prairie

25. The Savanna

26. 35.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems
Deserts
Little precipitation
Hot days and cold nights
Vegetation
Succulents: cacti, sagebrush
Animals
Many are burrowing animals
Nocturnal to avoid heat

27. Deserts

28. 35.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Two Main Types Freshwater (inland)
Saltwater (usually marine)
Brackish water is a mixture of fresh and salt water
Coastal Ecosystems

29. 35.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Lakes Freshwater
Classified by their nutrient abundance
Oligotrophic (nutrient poor)
Eutrophic (nutrient rich)

30. Lake Stratification in a Temperate Region

31. Zones of a Lake

32. 35.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Coastal Ecosystems Estuaries
Partially enclosed body of water where fresh and salt water mix
Examples: Salt marshes, mudflats, mangrove swamps near the mouth of rivers
“Nurseries” of the sea
Abundance of nutrients
Half of all marine fish mature in estuaries
Feeding grounds of many birds, fish, shellfish

33. Estuary Structure and Function

34. Types of Estuaries

35. 35.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Coastal Ecosystems Seashores
Littoral zone- between high and low tidal marks
Upper littoral zone: barnacles attached to rocks
Middle littoral zone: brown algae (rockweed), barnacles
Lower littoral zone: oysters, mussels, snails, periwinkles
Sandy beaches
Animals must burrow
Clams, crabs, sand (ghost) shrimp, sandhoppers

36. Seashores

37. 35.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Oceans Ocean currents influence climate
Northern hemisphere-
Currents circulate clockwise
Gulf stream: takes warm water from equator to east coast of North America and western Europe
Southern hemisphere-
Currents circulate counterclockwise
Humboldt Current: circulates cold, nutrient-rich water along west coast of South America
Upwelling: cold offshore winds cause nutrient-rich waters to rise and displace warm, nutrient-depleted water

38. 35.3 Aquatic Ecosystems Oceans Pelagic Division (open waters)
Neritic Province
Coral reefs
Oceanic Province
Benthic Division
Sublittoral zone
Bathyal zone
Abyssal zone

39. Marine Environment

40. Ocean Inhabitants