1. Soft and hard engineering - river Ganges - Bangladesh

2. Hard engineering
Hard engineering – Physically impacting the environment by building or changing the natural environment.
Embankment – Raising the river banks using concrete or similar materials. This is used to prevent flooding or the impacts of flooding.

3. Hard engineering - the river Ganges
Embankments were built along the east side of the river to protect the rich, where as the poor on the east were left to flood. This meant the east flooded for up to two months because all of the flood water meant for the west side went to the east instead. Later on embankments were made for the rest of the river.
Pros – Stops some areas from flooding, can very effective and it is usually a long term solution.
Cons – Can increase flooding in unprotected areas, needs maintenance and it is expensive.

4. Hard engineering - the river Ganges
Cluster villages were built above flood levels to prevent flooding in houses. These special communities were built with shared facilities and a house for each family with a small patch of land for crops.
Pros – Prevents houses from flooding and belongings from getting lost and it prevents flood related illnesses and deaths.
Cons – Can be expensive if a lot are built and compact so there isn't much space for crops.

5. Soft engineering
Soft engineering – Is a more natural approach than hard engineering because it doesn’t involve building. Some examples are flood plains and afforestation.

6. Soft engineering – The river Ganges
Pumpkins – Pumpkins have been introduced to be grown as they can grow in the bad conditions and they are a source of food.
Pros – They are a source of food, they can sell for a good price, they can be stored for a while and the can be grown in the bad soil and weather conditions.
Cons – There are very few cons if any.

7. Soft engineering – The river Ganges
Ducks – Ducks were introduced into Bangladesh as they drink a lot of water and if there is a large amount of ducks then the flood water levels will go down. The ducks also have good side effects such as the ability to fertilise farming land, eat insects on farmland and they can also be farmed for their meat and they breed fast..
Pros – Reduce flood water, fertilise land, eat bad insects on farmland, they can be farmed for their meat and they also breed quite fast.
Cons – Ducks could get in the way and be noisy.

8. Thanks for listening