1. Public Policing and Private Security
Chapter 5

2. Law Enforcement Today
After September 11, 2001, state and local agencies shifted resources to terrorism prevention
Intelligence gathering became important, and so did interagency cooperation
Since 2000, policing, along with the whole criminal justice system, have entered into an evidence-based era
Increasing pressure to do more with less

3. Metropolitan police Size
They range in size from the New York City Police Department down to cities with a single officer
Their role is expanding as society changes, to include:
AIDS-infected suspects
The homeless
Victims of domestic and child abuse
Homeland security

4. County law enforcement
The senior officer, the sheriff, is usually an elected political official (in all states except Rhode Island and Hawaii)
They are restricted to unincorporated areas, unless someone requests their help
Standard tasks
Servicing civil process (summons and court orders)
Providing court security
Operating the county jail
Investigating crimes

5. Less Common Tasks They may serve as: Coroners Tax collectors
Overseers of animal control
Emergency medical services
They are restricted to unincorporated areas, unless their help is requested

6. State police They were created to deal with crime in nonurban areas
Local sheriff's weren't doing a great job of stopping crime
There was corruption and favoritism, since the sheriff's knew all the people in their area of jurisdiction
Most agencies couldn't protect against highly mobile lawbreakers
Since they would go outside the jurisdiction of the area where the crime was committed
These police report to the state and the governor of the state
Today they have the same powers as municipal police, but they are limited by the state's boundaries--not the city's
they are responsible for highway patrol and traffic law enforcement
In California, they enforce traffic laws

7. State police—additional duties
Their crime laboratories help local departments in investigating crime scenes and analyzing evidence
They also do bomb-site analysis and homicide investigation
They are involved in highly sophisticated traffic and highway safety programs
Use of helicopters for patrol and rescue
They test safety devices for cars
Conduct postmortem examinations to find the cause of fatal accidents
Restrictions: they can’t get involved in strikes or other labor disputes, unless violence erupts

8. Federal law enforcement
The U.S. Justice Department
It is the legal arm of the U.S. Government
Headed by the Attorney General
Powers
Enforce all federal laws
Represent the U.S. when party to court action
Conduct independent investigations

9. Branches of Justice Department
Legal divisions
Civil rights division
Proceeds legally against violations of federal civil righs laws that protect people from discrimination on basis of their race, creed, ethnic background, age, or sex—mostly in education, housing, and employment
The Tax Division
Brings legal actions against tax violators

10. Justice Department Branches
The Criminal Division
Prosecutes violations of the Federal Criminal Code
Enforcing statutes relating to bank robbery
Kidnapping
Mail fraud
Interstate transportation of stolen vehicles
Narcotics and drub trafficking
They have administrative control over other independent branches of justice

11. Justice Department Branches
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Limited to federal laws not assigned to other agencies
Primary objective today: terrorism
Counterintelligence during the Cold War
Anti-gang and drug control before terrorism became a problem in this country
Investigative areas
Espionage, sabotage, treason, civil rights violations, murder and assault of federal officers, mail fraud, robbery and burglary of federally insured banks, kidnapping, interstate transportation of stolen vehicles and property, white-collar crime, cybercrime

12. Drub Enforcement Admin. (DEA)
Assist local and state authorities in investigating illegal drug use and carrying out surveillance and enforcement activities to control importation of narcotics
Work with foreign governments to destroy opium and marijuana crops
Undercover DEA agents infiltrate drug rings and conduct sting operations by acting as buyers

13. Marshals
Court officers who implement federal court rulings, transport prisoners, and enforce court orders
Ride on commercial jets to look for terrorists

14. Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)
Administers immigration laws
Deports people here illegally
Helps people here legally to become naturalized citizens
Maintains border patrols to prevent people from crossing illegally

15. Organized crime and racketeering unit
Under the U.S. Attorney General
Uses federal racketeering laws to discourage organized crime
Racketeering: extorting money from a business by threatening violence
Also uses these laws to discourage dishonest or fraudulent businesses

16. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF)
Used to be in Treasury Department, but moved to Justice
Controls sales of untaxed liquor and cigarettes
Controls illegal sales, importation, and criminal misuse of firearms and explosives

17. U.S. treasury department
Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
Enforces violations of income, excise, stamp, and other tax laws
Its Intelligence Division actively pursues gamblers, narcotics dealers, and people who do not report illegal financial gains as taxable income

18. Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
Customs and Border Protection (CBP)
Guards points of entry into the U.S.
Prevents smuggling of contraband (goods prohibited in trade--smuggled goods)
Ensures taxes and tariffs are paid on imported goods
Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)
Responsible for Identifying and shutting down vulnerabilities in the nation’s border
Responsible for economic, transportation, and infrastructure security

19. Secret Service
Originally charged with enforcing laws against counterfeiting—still does that
Protects the president and vice-president and their families
Protects presidential candidates, as well as former presidents, heads of state, and high level officials
Maintains the White House Police Force
Maintains the Treasure Guard that protects the mint

20. Interpol The International Criminal Police Organization
The world’s largest international police organization with members from 190 countries
Its mission: preventing and fighting crime through enhanced cooperation and innovation on police and security matters
It is not a law enforcement organization with arrest powers
Its job is to provide technical and operational support to police organizations globally

21. Interpol, con’t.
It is mostly an intelligence-gathering entity that helps member countries fight complicated international crime problems
Such as corruption, organized crime, international drug trafficking, financial crime, high-tech crime, terrorism, and human trafficking
It manages a variety of databases with information on wanted criminals, including fingerprints and DNA profiles
Limitations
Their focus is on common criminals
It is strictly forbidden for the Organization to undertake any intervention or activities of a political, military, religious, or racial character