1. Do dreams have meaning? -
Dreams & Hypnosis
Do dreams have meaning? -

2. Sleep Cycle

3. Dreams and REM Sleep True dream Sleep thought vivid, detailed dreams
- sensory and motor sensations (REM)
Sleep thought
lacks vivid sensory and motor
sensations, during slow-wave sleep
Keywords: true dream, sleep thought

4. Dreams and REM Sleep What is purpose of dreaming?
-consolidate memories
-random neural firing
Who dreams?
Amphibians and Fish have never been found to have any similar experience to REM sleep (1).
Birds spend about 5% of their sleep time in REM sleep. They seem to have very brief dreaming episodes. (2)
Most Mammals experience REM sleep. Ruminating animals, animals that chew their cud, get very little (if any) REM sleep.
Reptiles have rapid eye movements during sleep, but they are not accompanied with brain waves similar to those of humans during REM sleep. This partial REM sleep may be a clue in the evolution of REM sleep and dreaming
Chimpanzees have howled during sleep.
Elephants don't change in posture when entering or exiting REM sleep. Therefore, it is often difficult to tell if they are in NonREM or REM sleep. It is hard to see the eye movements since their eyes are relatively small. However, some indicators of REM sleep in elephants, as well as other animals, are twitches, vocalizing and irregular breathing. (1)
Giraffes have about 20 min. of REM sleep each night in episodes of 1-6 minutes each. During this time, they lie down, heads resting over their bodies or on the ground. They with occasional twitches. (1)
Horses, which must lie down to experience REM sleep, sometimes move their legs while sleeping, and will even neigh in their sleep.
Sheep, who often sleep in a "sphinx-like" position occasionally stretch out while sleeping. During this time, they experience many REM sleep-like if not REM-sleep indicators. During this time, they have eye movements and ears and legs occasionally twitch. (1)
(1) Sleep CD (2) Hartman, Ernest. "Sleep," The Worldbook Encyclopedia (Vol. 17). Chicago: World Book, Inc. 1990, pp

5. Theories of Dream Interpretation
Sigmund Freud
Dreams act as censor
Dream Content-
Manifest=The plot of your dream
Latent= The hidden or repressed meaning
of a dream. Allows dreamer to experience
forbidden thoughts/wishes.
Example: Staircase Dream

6. Dream Work
Wish Fulfillment – repressed desires often sexual, bad dreams are warnings.
Symbolism — a symbol replaces an action, person, or idea.
-Phallic-
- Womb-
Example: Staircase Dream
C-; thus "dreams are brief, meagre and laconic in comparison with the range and wealth of the dream-thoughts".

7. Theories… Information Processing Theory
Dreams have no meaning and are a REM side effect
Dreams help to consolidate memory
Hall & Van de Castle – Dream Content

8. Activation Synthesis Model (Hobson-40 studies)
Less activity in prefrontal cortex (think, plan)
More activity in limbic system (emotion) & visual cortex ( sight)

9. Hypnosis
Defined- A mental state in which the subject is open to spontaneously experience certain thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.
Posthypnotic amnesia- the inability to recall events from hypnotic session.

10. Theories Of Hypnosis Altered State Theory Susceptibility
Hypnotic Induction
Susceptibility

11. Are these people hypnotized?

12. Does Hypnosis Work?
Age Regression to previous states is not possible for most
Belief is regression causes change in behavior
- No change in brain waves, cognitive skills
(Silverman, 1986)
“Acid” Test Research ( Evans/Orne, 1965)
-Authoritative behavior can compel response
Posthypnotic Suggestion? ( 70 % effective)
- smoking/alcohol abuse? Weight loss?
Disassociation can mimic light hypnosis for pain relief
Is it selective attention? (Druckman,1994)”