1. Chapter 2 Flashcards

2. Age of Enlightenment

3. Age of Enlightenment
a rationalist, humanitarian and scientific movement that had an important impact on law and punishment

4. Auburn System

5. Auburn System
after the American revolution, New York State established several prisons to house convicted felons

6. Botes

7. Gothic schedule of monetary compensations for wrongdoings
Botes
Gothic schedule of monetary compensations for wrongdoings

8. Canon law

9. the law that governs churches, especially the Roman Catholic Church
Canon law
the law that governs churches, especially the Roman Catholic Church

10. Case law

11. the method of jus honorarium essentially formed the basis of case law

12. Code of Hammurabi

13. the Babylonian response to crime and punishment
Code of Hammurabi
the Babylonian response to crime and punishment

14. Corpus Juris Civilis

15. Corpus Juris Civilis
the collective title of the body of ancient Roman law as compiled and codified under the emperor Justinian in the 6th century CE

16. Habitual-offender statutes

17. Habitual-offender statutes
legislation that sends repeat offenders to prison for life

18. Intake

19. Intake
the first stage that a new inmate encounters; consisting of information gathering and an interview process

20. Irish ticket-of-leave system

21. Irish ticket-of-leave system
a four-stage system invoked by Crofton, director of the Irish Prison system

22. Jus civile

23. Jus civile
legal system which dealt exclusively with relationships between Romans during the late third century BCE

24. Jus gentium

25. Jus gentium
legal system which dealt exclusively with foreigners during the late third century BCE

26. Jus honorarium

27. Jus honorarium
Roman legislators after 100 BCE allowed the decisions of magistrates to supplement and correct existing law

28. Justice model

29. Justice model
rests on the assumption that individuals have free will; they choose to violate laws and so deserve to be punished

30. Justinian Code

31. Justinian Code
the collective title of the body of ancient Roman law as compiled and codified under the emperor Justinian in the 6th century CE

32. King’s Peace

33. crimes committed in the king’s presence or against one of his officers
King’s Peace
crimes committed in the king’s presence or against one of his officers

34. Law of Moses

35. the Judaic rules of crime and punishment
Law of Moses
the Judaic rules of crime and punishment

36. Lex salica

37. legal customs of the ancient Germanic tribes
Lex salica
legal customs of the ancient Germanic tribes

38. Marks of commendation

39. a system of rewards given to inmates for good behavior
Marks of commendation
a system of rewards given to inmates for good behavior

40. Medical model

41. Medical model
the dominant approach to prisoner management in the early twentieth century

42. Natural law

43. Natural law
a system of rules and principles growing out of and conforming to human nature that can be discovered through reason, without knowledge of or reference to society’s artificial laws

44. Parole

45. Parole
the early release of prisoners to the supervision of local law enforcement

46. Penal Servitude Act of 1853

47. passed by Parliament: a key component was parole
Penal Servitude Act of 1853
passed by Parliament: a key component was parole

48. Penitentiary Act of 1779

49. Penitentiary Act of 1779
created a new class of institution that largely incorporated humane treatment, productive labor, and sanitary living conditions

50. Pennsylvania system

51. Pennsylvania system
an imprisonment method in which offenders were kept in solitary confinement

52. Pillory

53. Pillory
wood timbers set on a post with restraining holes for the head and hands: designed to shame the offender

54. Pressing

55. Pressing
gruesome form of corporal punishment: used to convince suspected offenders to confess

56. Public whipping

57. oldest and widely used form of corporal punishment
Public whipping
oldest and widely used form of corporal punishment

58. Rehabilitation

59. the process of returning offenders to orderly or acceptable behaviors
Rehabilitation
the process of returning offenders to orderly or acceptable behaviors

60. Reintegration

61. reintegration
a popular concept in the 1970s; it provided a bridge between institution and community

62. rehabilitation

63. rehabilitation
the belief that providing treatment such as psychological or educational assistance makes individuals less likely to engage in future crimes

64. reintegration

65. reintegration
recognizes the fact that a high percentage of the people in prison (90%) eventually get out

66. restitution

67. restitution
requiring the offender to repay the victim or the community in money or through service

68. restoration

69. restoration
the most recent philosophy in the field of corrections, it is based on three key elements: accountability, community protection and competency development

70. retribution

71. the belief that punishment must avenge for a harm done to another
retribution
the belief that punishment must avenge for a harm done to another

72. selective incapacitation

73. selective incapacitation
lies on the assumption that career criminals can be identified early in life as preteens or teenagers

74. Stocks

75. Stocks
timbers with holes cut for feet and hands used as a way to detain people before trial

76. Silent system

77. Silent system
in the Auburn system, inmates marched, worked, and ate in complete silence

78. Ticket of leave

79. early release from the prison colony
Ticket of leave
early release from the prison colony

80. Transportation

81. Transportation
the deportation of convicted criminals to work in penal colonies or to settle a nation’s colonies

82. Twelve tables

83. Twelve tables
Laws of ancient Rome composed in part from those of Solon, and other Greek legislators

84. Wergild

85. Wergild
the value placed for the crime committed and the compensation due the victim or their family

86. Wites

87. Wites
a system of punishments in ninth-century Britain, allowed the local lord or king to collect and keep the botes