1. Theme: Geography

2. Two ways How geography influences places and regions
Deserts
Rivers
Mountains
Islands/archipelagos
How humans impact geography
Irrigation systems
Terrace farming
Road systems
Canals
Burning fossil fuels

3. Deserts Arid climate with little precipitation and little vegetation
Can be hot (Sahara) or cold (Siberia, Antarctica)
Isolate and protect
Sahara in North Africa protects Egypt from invasion
People find ways to adapt to deserts
Use of camels on Trans-Saharan trade routes
Irrigation systems (Egypt)
Bantu Migration

4. Rivers -Nile River- Egypt -Tigris and Euphrates Rivers- Mesopotamia
Earliest civilizations develop around rivers
fresh water
fertile soil
irrigation
trade and transportation
-Nile River- Egypt
-Tigris and Euphrates Rivers- Mesopotamia
-Indus River- India
-Yellow River/Huang He- China

5. Mountains Provide isolation
Himalayan Mountains separate China and India
Mountain lead to Greek city-states (polis)
But also provide protection
Alps protect northern Italy from invasion
Mountains can cause difficulties growing food, so terrace farming helps civilizations produce enough food for everyone
Examples: China, Inca (South America)

6. Islands/Archipelagos
Island nations benefit from natural protection and water access
But these nations are also isolated and many times lack natural resources
Example: Japan

7. Other Geography Terms Plains- large flat grassy areas
Peninsula- land surrounded by water on three sides
Italy, Korea, Arabian, India
Strait- narrow strip of water between land
Monsoon- seasonal winds that bring rain to India and allow crops to grow
Ring of Fire- Pacific area with many volcanoes, earthquakes, and other disasters

8. Human Impacts
Humans adapt their environment to their needs in various different ways
Irrigation systems
Terrace farming
Road systems
Canals
Burning fossil fuels
Nuclear power

9. Irrigation Systems
Process of getting water to crops- usually involves digging ditches or building machines like water wheels
Early civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, and China built irrigation ditches to get water from rivers to fields
Romans used aqueducts to carry water into fields

10. Terrace Farming
Growing crops in mountainous terrain is difficult because excessive rain can lead to land slides.
Terrace farming allowed civilizations that developed in mountains to grow ample food for people
Chinese
Japanese
Inca

11. Road Systems
Large empires created road systems to quickly move information, goods, and soldiers
Romans (“all roads lead to Rome”)
Inca

12. Canals
Manmade waterways linking two bodies of water to speed up trade and use less fuel
Suez Canal (Egypt)
Panama Canal (Central America)
Grand Canal (China)

13. Burning Fossil Fuels
Burning natural fuels such as coal or gas releases carbon dioxide
Creates acid rain and other pollution
Contributes to global warming
Kyoto Protocol – international agreement to limit emission of carbon dioxide
Shows that international cooperation is needed

14. Trade and Geography Waterways like rivers and oceans promote trade
Mountains, deserts, and jungles limit trade
All trading causes cultural diffusion
Benefits: new ways of doing things, goods, belief systems
Negatives: dangerous, high prices, disease spread
Major trade routes:
Silk Road
Saharan Trade Routes
Mediterranean Sea Routes
Triangle Trade/Columbian Exchange

15. Silk Road
The Silk Road was a series of trade routes that connected China to the Mediterranean region.
Chinese traded silk for food goods, etc
Cultural diffusion- Buddhism goes from India into China, Daoism goes from China into Central Asia
Silk Road trade increased during the Pax Mongolia, but also leads to the Black Death

16. Mediterranean Trade
The Mediterranean Sea allowed both the Ancient Greeks and Ancient Romans to become dominant trading societies
Mediterranean Sea connected Asia to Europe- after the Crusades coastal cities like Constantinople and Venice become very wealthy

17. Saharan Trade Routes
Saharan trade routes connected West Africa to the Mediterranean
Mansa Musa (of Mali) created a powerful trading empire around the city of Timbuktu, which became a center of learning and commerce
To trade in the arid desert climate, traders relied on camels
Major products traded: salt and gold
Cultural diffusion: spread of Islam

18. Columbian Exchange
After the Crusades, Europeans were searching for a way to access Indian markets
Christopher Columbus, sponsored by the Spanish, tried to sail west around the world to India
Instead, he discovered the American continents, bringing more food to Europe and increasing the population

19. Triangle Trade
As more people settled in the Americas and the natives died (from overwork under the Encomienda system and disease), a new labor source was needed
Soon African men, women, and children were being transported along the Middle Passage to America to be slaves

20. Review Which is an accurate statement about Japan’s natural resources?
Japan has extensively used the seas for fishing
Large reserves of petroleum are located in the northern part of Japan
Japan has large fertile plains suitable for growing grain
Large coal and iron-ore deposits are located in the mountain region

21. Review
An effect of mountainous topography on Inca and Chinese civilizations was the development of
Industrialization
Single-crop economy
Desalination projects
Terrace farming

22. Review
Which geographic factor has most strongly influenced Russia’s foreign policies and economic development?
Lack of resources
Vast desert regions
Limited access to warm-water ports
Extensive mountain ranges

23. Review A topographical map would most likely be used to
Identify the major agricultural products of Egypt
Determine the population of Beijing, China
Estimate the elevation of Bangkok, Thailand
Count the number of provinces in India

24. Review The Russian Steppe is most similar in topography to the
Mountains in Switzerland
Deserts in the Middle East
Rainforests in South America
Savannahs in Africa

25. Review

26. Review

27. Review