1. Lab 9 Blood structure and groups
General Biology lab
Lab 9
Blood structure and groups

2. This corresponds to 5-6 liters .
The blood
The red fluid pumped through the body by the heart.
This corresponds to 5-6 liters .
The blood consist of a suspension of special cells in a liquid called plasma and the cells called formed elements

3. Components of Blood

4. The plasma Plasma is the liquid portion of blood.
Cells free plasma can be obtained by centrifugation .
Yellowish color
Alkaline fluid
Volume:55% of the body’s total blood volume
Consist of 90% water and 10% dry matter .
Nine parts of the dry matter are made up by organic substance , whereas one part made by minerals
Organic substances is composed of glucose , lipids , proteins , hormones and amino acid .
The mineral substances dissolved in ionic form

6. The hematic cells (Blood cells)
The erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells )
Leukocytes (white blood cells )
Platelets (thrombocyte)

8. The erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells )
Shape
Biconcave discs that are filled with hemoglobin
Non nucleated
Function
To carry O2 from the lungs to the body cells
Number
Women 4-5 millions cell per mm3 of blood
Men 5-6 millions .
Polycythemia higher RBCS.
Anemia low RBCS

9. Leukocytes (white blood cells )
Shape
Large in size
Have a nucleus
Function
Responsible for the defense of the organism .
Number
cells/ mm3 .
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Divide into two categories Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
Granulocytes due to presence of granules .

11. Granulocyte Neutrophils Very active in phagocyting bacteria.
Present in large amount in the pus of wounds
The nucleus is frequently multi-lobed with lobes connected by thin strands of nuclear material .
Account for % of all leukocytes

12. Eosinophils
The granulocyte has large granules which are acidophilic and appear pink or red in a stained preparation .
The nucleus has two lobes connected by a band of nuclear material.
These cells account for less than 5% of the WBCs Increase beyond these amount may be due to parasitic disease .
Attack parasitic worms

13. They represent less than 1% leukocyte .
Basophils
The basophilic granules in these cells are large
stain deep blue to purple
are often so numerous they mask the nucleus.
These granules contain histamine ( cause vasodilatation ) and heparin ( anticoagulant ) .
They represent less than 1% leukocyte .
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14. Agranulocyte Lymphocytes
Agranular cell with very clear cytoplasm which stain pale blue.
Its nucleus is very large for the size of the cells and stains dark purple.
25%-35% of all leukocytes .
Play important rule in our immune response
T-lymphocyte act against virus infected cells and tumor cells .
B-lymphocyte produce anti-bodies

15. Monocyte
They are the largest of all leukocytes.
The nucleus is most often “U” or Kidney shaped .
The cytoplasm is abundant and light blue .
These cells leave the blood stream and become macrophages .
As monocyte or macrophages , these cells are phagocytic and defend the body against viruses and bacteria .
These cells account for 3-9% of all leukocyte .

17. Platelets (thrombocyte)
Shape
irregularly shaped
No nucleus
Cell fragments produced from megakaryocyte
Function
The main function is to stop the loss of blood from wounds
The aggregate and release factor which promote the blood coagulation
Number
Blood normally contain 200, ,000 per mm3

18. Blood function Carries the O2 to the tissue and collect the CO2 .
Hemoglobin contained in erythrocyte is the responsible of these function.
Conveys nutrients substances (e.g. amino acid , sugar, mineral salt ).
Gather the excreted material which will be eliminated through renal filter .
Carries hormones, enzyme and vitamins
The defense of organism (phagocytic activity) of leukocyte .

19. Blood Groups
The most well known and medically important blood types are in the ABO group.
They were discovered in 1900 and 1901 at the University of Vienna by Karl Landsteiner in the process of trying to learn why blood transfusions sometimes cause death and at other times save a patient.

20. There are two types of antigens A& B (present in the surface of the red blood cells) and two types of antibodies a & b in the serum that are mostly responsible for the ABO types.

23. Rhesus or Rh Factor
Another characteristic of blood is Rh factor on red blood cell's surface. It s named after the Rhesus Monkey, where the factor was first identified in 1940.
This is also an antigen and people who have it are called Rh+. Those who haven't are called Rh-.

24. A person with Rh- blood does not have Rh antibodies naturally in the blood plasma.
But a person with Rh- blood can develop Rh antibodies in the blood plasma if he or she receives blood from a person with Rh+ blood, whose Rh antigens can trigger the production of Rh antibodies.
A person with Rh+ blood can receive blood from a person with Rh- blood without any problems.

25. Rh disease (Rh incompatibility)
occurs when an Rh negative mother who has already had an Rh positive child.
After the first pregnancy, the mother develops antibodies against Rh+ red blood cells, which cross the placenta and hemolyses the blood of the second child.