1. Brief Anatomy of your lungs
Respiratory System
Brief Anatomy of your lungs

2. Primary Function of Respiratory System
The respiratory system supplies the blood with oxygen so that the blood can deliver oxygen to all parts of the body.
It also removes carbondioxide waste that cells produce.

4. Respiratory System Structure
Nasal Cavity: Passes air through the nose
Mouth: Passes air through
Pharynx: The throat. It is a cone shaped passage way leading to the trachea.
Trachea: The windpipe. It is the main tube connecting nose or mouth to the lungs.
Epiglottis: A flap that covers the entrance to the trachea.
Lungs: Main organ of the respiratory system.
Diaphragm: Main muscle of the respiratory system that supports breathing.

5. Bronchi: Two tubes inside the lungs that air passes through to the bronchioles.
Bronchioles: Small branching out tubes divided into alveoli.
Alveoli: Tiny air sacs that do the oxidation and the exhale of carbon dioxide.
Capillaries: Blood vessels that are imbedded in the walls of the alveoli. While in the capillaries the blood discharges carbon dioxide into the alveoli and takes up oxygen from the air in the alveoli.
Cilia: Hair like structures that remove dust and dirt from air.

8. How does the respiratory system works
Air flowing from the mouth or nasal cavity travels through the pharynx and moves down to the trachea. Then air moves to the bronchi tubes as they enter the lungs. Once air gets in the lungs, the air enters separate branches called the bronchioles. Carbon dioxide passes from the blood into the alveoli and is then exhaled.

9. Once in your lungs, oxygen travels from your lungs through the bloodstream to the cells in all parts of the body. Cells use oxygen as fuel and give off carbon dioxide as waste gas. The waste gas is carried by the bloodstream and back to the lungs to be exhaled.

11. Gaseous exchange
When oxygen flows into the body, it travels from the nasal or oral cavity down to the esophagus. From there the air travels down the trachea where it is separated into two bronchi. The bronchi then branches out into several bronchioles with small sacs called alveoli. In the alveoli is where the exchange of gases occur.

12. Each alveolus is surrounded by a network of small blood vessels
Each alveolus is surrounded by a network of small blood vessels. Like the alveoli, these small blood vessels have extremely thin walls. Blood that enters the vessels has a high level of carbon dioxide, which it picked up from the body tissues. It contains little oxygen. The carbon dioxide leaves the blood and moves through the walls of the blood vessels and alveoli into the lungs. Oxygen from the air in the lungs then passes through the walls of the alveoli and blood vessels and into the blood. The blood, now rich in oxygen, leaves the lungs and travels to the heart. The heart then pumps it to cells throughout the body. The carbon dioxide is finally expelled from the lungs when we exhale. 

13. So what is the respiratory system?
Exchange gases throughout the body.
Helps breathe
Gives oxygen to cells
Provides oxygen for blood
i- Oxygenated blood: blood with oxygen
ii- Deoxygenated blood: blood without oxygen

14. Circulatory System
THE HEART

15. Functions of the circulatory system
Brings blood containing oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells.
Transports carbon dioxide and other wastes away from the cell.
Other functions may include:
- fights infection
- regulates body temperature
- helps stabilize ph and ionic concentration of body fluids.

16. Components of the circulatory system
Heart
Blood
Vessels : - arteries
- veins
- capillaries

17. The Heart A muscular pump Moves blood through the body
Is suspended in the pericardial sacs
Composed of four chambers
Divided into right and left halves
Made up of cardiac muscle cells
Pericardium: protective sac of
connective tissue, surrounds the
Heart, and filled with fluid.

18. Structures of the heart
The Chambers
1. Atria – (2 upper chambers)
Thin walled
Receive blood from veins
Send blood to ventricles
2. Ventricles – (2 lower chambers)
Thick walled
Receive blood from atria
Pump blood out through arteries
3. Septum
Wall that divides heart into right and left halves.

19. Functions Valves: - Prevents backflow of blood
- Keeps blood moving in one direction
- Located between the chambers
- At junctions of artery of chambers

20. Cardiac Cycle
Refers to the events occurring from the beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next.
When cardiac muscles contract it does so as a single unit, creating a heart beat
One heart beat consists of 2 parts: systole and diastole
Diastole; is the period of time when the heart relaxes after contraction
Systole; it starts when the atria contract at the end of the diastole.

21. The coordinated contractions of atria and ventricles produce the cardiac cycle
– The heart beats in a coordinated fashion
–Both atria contract and pump blood into the
ventricles
–Both ventricles contract and pump blood into
the arteries that exit the heart
–All chambers relax briefly before the cycle
repeats
– This cardiac cycle lasts less than 1 second

22. Pathway of Circulation
Oxygen poor blood draining from the body through veins into the superior and inferior vena cava flows to the right atrium, through the tricuspid valve, and into the right ventricle.
As the right ventricle contracts, oxygen poor blood passes through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary arteries and onto the lungs to receive oxygen.

23. Oxygen rich blood from the lungs enter the heart through the pulmonary veins, passing into the left atrium.
Then through the mitral valve to the left ventricle. Contraction of the left ventricle forces blood through the aortic valve into the aorta.
Various arteries branch off from the aorta to supply blood to all parts of the body.
Aorta branch into smaller and smaller vessels ( arteries)
They eventually become capillaries, which supply blood to all body parts.
Capillaries join into veins and carry blood back to the heart.

24. Ordered pathway
Vena cava  Heart Right atrium  Tricuspid valve  Right ventricle  Pulmonic valve  Pulmonary arteries  lungs  Pulmonic veins  Left atrium Mitral valve  Left ventricle  Aortic valve  Aorta

25. Blood Pressure
It refers to the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels.
The pressure of the circulating blood decreases as blood moves to through the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.
Blood pressure is most commonly measured by sphygmomanometer ( blood pressure cuff)

26. Types of pressure
Systolic pressure; defined as the maximum pressure in the arteries exerted during ventricular contraction.
Diastolic pressure; is the minimum pressure exerted when the ventricles relax and fill.
Blood pressure readings = S/D

27. Vasoconstriction and Vasodilatation
Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of blood vessels. When blood vessels constricts, the flow of blood is restricted or slowed. |(Blood pressure increases)|
Vasodilatation is where the blood vessels in the body becomes wider following relaxation of smooth muscle in vessel walls, this reduces blood pressure .

28. Blood Consists of 2 major components;
A liquid, called plasma, which comprises about
55% of total blood volume
2. The cell-based portion, which is about 40–45%
of total blood volume and consists of:
–Red blood cells
–White blood cells
–Platelets

29. Functions of the blood Supply oxygen to tissues
Supply nutrients like glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids to tissues.
Removal of wastes such as carbon dioxide, urea, and lactic acid from tissues.
Circulates white blood cells, and detects foreign material by antibodies.

30. It is a messenger function, including transport of hormones and signaling tissues.
Regulates body temperature.
Regulates body ph and ion concentration.

31. Types of blood
Red blood cells (RBC)
White blood cells (WBC)
Platelets

32. What is plasma? A clear, straw colored fluid It contains 90% of water
What is in the plasma?
Dissolved gases
Vitamins
Minerals
Salts
Nutrients
Enzymes
Hormones
Waste products
Plasma proteins