1. Organic Chemistry
Functional Groups
Halogens, Alcohols & Ethers

2. Functional Groups Besides hydrogen or carbon bonded to carbon
Many other atoms can bond to carbon and these
Lead to the formation of what are called
“Functional groups”
Each Functional group has it’s own unique chemical
And physical properties
So what kind of functional groups are there?
Check out Table R in your Reference Table.

3. TABLE R – Functional Groups
Halides
Alcohols
Ethers

4. Organic Halides
One or more of the hydrogen atoms in an alkane is replaced with a halogen
F, Cl, Br, or I
Not hydrocarbons! Often called halocarbons.

5. Properties of Alkyl Halides
Alkyl halides are extremely unreactive
Often used when chemical inertness
is important
Examples: CFC’s (refrigerants, Aerosol
propellants, Teflon (polymer), Brominated
compounds (Fire retardant clothing)
-many of these compounds are now banned
from use for health and environmental
reasons.

6. Properties of Alkyl Halides
Alkyl halides due to there high molecular wt. have
considerably higher B.P. than their corresponding alkanes
Bonds are polar but compounds are not soluble in water
Probably because they can’t form H bonds
Is CHCl3 a polar compound?
What about CCl4?
Propane
Chloropropane
Bromopropane
B.P. (deg. C)
-42 47 71
Density (g/ml)
(Gas)
.890
1.335
Yes No

7. Naming Organic Halides
Use prefixes to specify substituent:
fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo
If more than one, use di, tri, etc. to specify # of substituents.
If necessary, give locations by numbering C-atoms in backbone so that the halide has the lowest number.
c-c-c-c-c
Br Br
2,3-dibromopentane

8. Naming Halides CH3Cl CH3CHFCH3 Chloromethane 2-fluoropropane
H H H
H–C–C–C–H
H F H H
H–C–Cl
Chloromethane
2-fluoropropane
“Chloroform”
C3H7F

9. Name the following Compound:
CH3CCl2CHClCH3
H Cl H H
H – C – C – C – C – H
H Cl Cl H
2,2,3-trichlorobutane
C4H7Cl3

10. Name this compound: 3-Bromo-2-Iodopentane Name this compound:
1,1-dicloro-2,2-difluoroethane
One of the “freons”
F Cl
H-C C-H

11. Alcohols Alcohols contain the polar -OH functional group
OH groups are capable of Hydrogen bonding
This polar functional group affects physical properties
B.P is much higher than the corresponding Alkane
Ethanol (C2H5OH) +78C // Ethane (C2H6) -89C
Low Mol. Wt. Alcohols are very soluble in water

12. Hydroxyl groups Alcohols can hydrogen bond because they have a
Hydrogen atom that is bonded to oxygen.
This results in
Much higher B.P.’s
And higher water
solubulity
CH3–CH2–O-H
CH3–CH2–O-H
H-O-H

13. Physical properties of Alcohols
Name
Formula
B.P. (C)
Sol.
(g/100g H20)
Methanol
CH3OH
64.5
Fully miscible
Ethanol
CH3CH2OH
78.3
Propanol
CH3(CH2)2OH 97
Butanol
CH3(CH2)3OH
118
7.9

14. Naming Alcohols ethanol 2-propanol
Select as the parent structure the longest continuous
carbon chain that contains the –OH
Drop the –e from the alkane name of the carbon chain and add –ol
Indicate by a number (if necessary) the position of the –OH group
ethanol
2-propanol

15. Types of Alcohols Alcohols are also considered to be either
- primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohols
Designations correspond to which carbon atom the –OH group is bonded to
- Affects Chemical Reactivity/Properties
- Tertiary more reactive than Primary
Primary alcohol: OH bonded to –CH20H
Secondary alcohol: OH bonded to –CHOH
Tertiary alcohol: OH bonded to -COH

16. Types of Alcohols
Primary alcohol
Secondary Alcohol
Tertiary Alcohol

17. Ethers Even though ethers have an oxygen atom in their
Structure they are unable to form hydrgen bonds with themselves
- alkyl groups are bonded directly to Oxygen
- No hydrogen bonded to Oxygen
Ethers are not linear; They have a bent shape similar to water

18. Ether’s Properties BP’s tend to be low
Comparable to similar MW hydrocarbons
No internal H-bonding
Solubility in water is reasonably high for lower
M.W. ethers
H-Bonding to Water is possible
Propane
Dimethylether
Diethylether
M.W. 44 46 74
B.P. (deg. C)
-42
-24 35
Sol in Water
(g/ml) Na 8

19. Naming Ethers (common names)
Name the groups (alkyl) on either side and add ether to the end.
List attached alkyl groups in order of increasing size
If they are the same the side chain is labeled “Di”
NO NUMBERS NEEDED to designate location of Oxygen!

20. Naming Ethers Name this compound: Dimethyl ether Name this compound:
Ethylpropyl ether