Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
1
II. Peace of Westphalia and the beginning of modern international relations
2
Birth of modern state and the formation of “Europe”
Main characteristics of 16th century European Diplomacy Thirty Year’s War and the Peace of Westphalia Development under Westphalian system
3
International relations v 2.0
is coming… Renaissance Reformation Great Discovery Nation State
4
Great Discovery Nation state Reformation Renaissance
5
The concept of Europe
6
The Diplomatic characteristics of major European countries
7
England: Equilibrium 1 Let’s fight against the whole world, but must maintain peace with English！ Queen Elizabeth and the Golden Era English independent diplomacy Fight against Spain Expansion on sea
8
France: towards European hegemony
2 Cardinal Richelieu and politique (politics over religion) Conflict with Holy Roman Empire
9
Holy Roman Empire and the House of Habsuburg: glory and pressure
3 Domestic problems: Religion issue Central-Local conflicts Foreign problem: hostility from outside
10
4 8 5 7 6
11
Thirty Year’s War The Bohemian Revolt Danish Intervention
Defenestration of Prague Danish Intervention Swidish Intervention Swedish sword French fund French Intervention Swedish stack French fist
12
Gustav Adolf II Albrecht von Wallenstein
13
The Peace of Westphalia
14
The Peace of Westphalia
The rulers of the Imperial States to independently decide their religious worship. Protestants and Catholics were redefined as equal before the law, and Calvinism was given legal recognition. The last major religious war in Europe Territorial adjustments
15
Dutch Netherlands Brandenburg Switzerland
Independent Brandenburg Gains territory Switzerland Gains territory
16
Alsace To France
17
Europe in 1648
18
The Peace of Westphalia
Solution to religion issue: tolerence and liberty Solution to supremacy issue: weakening of House of Habsburg The principles of respecting the boundaries of sovereign states and non-interference in their domestic affairs became central to the world order that developed over the following centuries and remains in effect to this day. The adoption of multilateral diplomatic talks based on sovereinty and legal equality improved the nationa system and created a new European diplomatic system, thus avoding longer war and the invasion of Turkey. The theory of protecting every nation in spite of its size, blood ties and religion was considered as the beginning of modern international law, and a start of international constitution.
19
Rise of Five European Powers
ENG FRA H.R.E SPA ENG FRA RUS AUS PRU The Peace of Westphalia
20
Rise of Five European Powers
ENG DUT AUS FRA The War of the Spanish Succession Seven Year’s War ENG PRU FRA AUS The War of the Austrian Succession ENG DUT AUS RUS FRA PRU SPA SWE
21
Rise of Five European Powers
Treaty of Utretht and “Balance of Power” Kaunitz and Diplomatic Revolution Emer de Vattel and Law of Nations
22
Balance of Power The idea of “balance of power”is as old as history and well accepted by politicians and theorists now and then. It was originated from the instince of self- survival and other human experiences. – David Hume Europe has formed a political system. Under the system, the relation between countries are influenced by interests and thus they are united as one group…we must arrange international affairs properly. No country shall be put supreme to control other countries. – Vattel
23
Balance of Power Vertical alliance Horizontal alliance
24
Birth of modern state and the concept of Europe
Thirty Year’s War and Peace of Westphalia Rising of Five European Powers Balance of Power France V.S. Britain
Similar presentations
