1. Ethnicity

2. Think and Discuss What is the difference between race and ethnicity?
How do you describe yourself in terms of race/ethnicity? (Put up on the board)
What is an “American”?

3. Ethnicity and Race Terms
identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth
Comes from Greek word ethnikos (national)
Race:
identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor
Comes from the French word for generation
Geographers are interested in where ethnicities are distributed across space
Ethnic groups tied to a place
No globalizing ethnicity
Ethnicity is strongest bulwark for preservation of local diversity – what does this mean?
So – what is ethnocentrism?

4. Differentiating Ethnicity and Race
Difficulty to differentiate between ethnicity and race
Three prominent ethnicities in US
Hispanic Americans
African Americans
Asian Americans
All three display distinct cultural features that originated at particular hearths

5. recognized as a distinct race by U.S. Bureau of Census
Asian
recognized as a distinct race by U.S. Bureau of Census
Asian race and ethnicity usually same group
Asian ethnicity “lumps” together people with ties to many countries in Asia
African-American
Supposedly two different groups
African American
trace heritage to an African Immigrant
Ethnicity and group with extensive cultural tradition
Black
heritage from other regions like Latin American, Asia
A principle that denotes darker skin
Most see themselves as both
Latino
Not considered a race
Can choose any race on the census (go to census here)

6. Race in the United States
Traits that characterize race are those that can be genetically transmitted from parents to children
Example:
Lactose intolerance in 95% Asian-Americans
Biological classification by race is the basis for racism
Idea that some races are superior to others
2000 census
White
Black, African American
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian Indian
Chinese
Filipino
Japanese
Korean
Vietnamese
Other Asian
Native Hawiian
Guamanian
Samoan
Other Pacific Islander
Other race

7. So, who is a typical American?

8. Where are Ethnicities distributed?
Ethnicities may be clustered in specific areas within a country, or the area it inhabits may closely match the boundaries of a country
Distribution in U.S.
Clustering on two scales
May live in particular region(s) of the country
May live in particular neighborhoods within cities
Two largest ethnicities
Hispanics (Latinos) – 15% of population
African Americans – 13% of population
Regional Concentrations
South: African Americans
Southwest: Hispanics
West: Asians (4%)
Mid-West: Native Americans (1%)

13. Ethnic Clusters
Ethnic enclave: voluntary residential segregation based on ethnicity (i.e. ethnic neighborhoods…Hispanic barrios, China town, little Havana)
De Jure v. De Facto Segregation?

14. Concentration of Ethnicities in cities
African-Americans and Hispanics cluster in urban areas
African-Americans:
½ live in cities
Only ¼ of American population lives in cities
Example: Detroit
African Americans comprise 85% of population in Detroit
Only make up 7% of population of Michigan
Chicago
1/3 African American
1/12 rest of Illinois
Hispanic distribution similar to African-Americans

15. Concentration of Ethnicities in Cities
New York City
¼ Hispanic
1/16 rest of New York
States with largest populations
California
½ of Los Angeles population
½ or less in other major Cali cities
Texas
El Paso and San Antonio are more than ½ Hispanic
Other cities are at or below 1/3

16. African American Migration Patterns
Three major migration flows:
Africa to America in 1700’s
Forced migration of slaves
US South to Northern cities during early 1900s
Ghettos formed
Inner city to other urban neighborhoods during late 1900’s to 2000’s
Forced Migration (1st wave)
1st Africans brought to American colonies as slaves arrived at Jamestown, Virginia in 1619
1700’s 400,000 Africans shipped to 13 colonies
1808 US banned bringing in additional slaves, but 250,000 were illegally imported
Height of slave trade ( ) at least 10 million Africans were forced to Western Hemisphere for sale in slave markets

18. African American Migration Patterns
Nearly all Africans shipped to colonies ended up in Southeast
Attitudes towards slavery dominated politics in 1800’s
Civil War ( )
US adopted 13th amendment to constitution prohibiting slavery
Freed slaves remained in the south for the most part as sharecroppers
System burdened poor African Americans with high interest rates and heavy debts
Immigration to Northern cities (2nd wave)
Industrial boom pulled AA’s to the north
Migrated out of clearly defined channels
Two main waves – Great Migration
1910’s and 1920’s
1940’s and 1950’s
Encouraged by jobs needed from WWI and WWII

20. African American Immigration Patterns
AA clustered into one or two neighborhoods
Named ghetto’s after the term from WWII
Baltimore 1950s
Baltimore’s ¼ of African Americans lived in a 1 square mile neighborhood
Ghettos
Densities typical of 40,000 inhabitants per square mile
Compared to 2,000 p2m in suburbs
Often result of multiple families living together
Often lacked bathrooms, kitchens, hot water, and heat
3rd wave: Ghettos to neighborhoods
Moved into adjacent neighborhoods in 1950’s and 1960’s

21. South Africa
While U.S. was repealing segregation laws in 1950s and 1960s, South Africa was enacting them
System created by Boers (Afrikaners) of Dutch descent
Cornerstone of South African policy = Apartheid
Physical separation of races into different geographic areas
Four classifications
Black
White
Mixed
Asian
Consequences
Different legal status
Limitations
Laws appealed in 1991
African National Congress legalized
Nelson Mandela released from jail
1994
1st elections
Nelson Mandela elected 1st black President
Today
Still a work in progress, especially economically

22. South Africa