1. Papers are due Wednesday, June 15 by e-mail: keneckert@hanyang.ac.kr
Papers should be words
Papers should be correct MLA format
Papers should have quotations from at least three English-language secondary sources (Korean ones are fine in addition to three English ones)
Papers should have an MLA Works Cited list
Part of the paper grade will be based on quoted evidence

2. Problems: papers which describe but have no argument
What the ‘thesis’ is: In this paper I want to talk about x in the novel. What the essay looks like to the professor: “In this paper I want to discuss some stuff and then talk about other things and then write some more about more ideas and stuff.”

3. Make sure your paper is about the novel, play, or poem(s)!
Be sure to link your discussion to the texts—if your subject is ‘love’ in a novel, make sure you discuss love in the novel.
Evidence. Provide examples and quotations from the text and from books or websites about the text.
MLA style

4. Prove it. - Quotations from the text
X is not Y because you say so. Your arguments are not proven until you have evidence.
- Quotations from the text
- Quotations from experts or scholars
- Specific examples or statistics

5. ‘Shoveling”: e.g. unnecessary half-page quotations

6. English 1060 Fin de Siècle England

7. Late Victorian Timeline
1859: Charles Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species.
1867: Marx’s Das Kapitol is published.
1869: First Transcontinental Railroad completed in United States.
1879: Thomas Edison tests his first light bulb.
1890s: Sigmund Freud first active in psychoanalysis.
1893: New Zealand becomes the first country to enact women's suffrage.
1903: First controlled heavier-than-air flight of the Wright Brothers.
1908: First commercial radio transmissions. The Ford Motor Company invents the Model T.

8. Fin de Siècle: “End of the age”
Strongly influenced by French culture, late Victorian intellectual activity was often marked by “stylish” cynicism and by disenchantment with the failure of democracy to spread wealth and benefits evenly from rich to poor.
Growing popularity of socialist movements
An intellectual movement of existentialism and depression

9. Fin de Siècle: “End of the age”
At the same time, the growth of industrialism in Europe created a dangerous balance of powers between newly wealthy Germany and Prussia and England and France.

10. H.G. Wells – The Time Machine (1895)
“Strength is the outcome of need; security sets a premium on feebleness. The work of ameliorating the conditions of life -- the true civilizing process that makes life more and more secure -- had gone steadily on to a climax... And the harvest was what I saw.”
“The too perfect security of the Upper-worlders had led them to a slow movement of degeneration, a general dwindling in size strength and intelligence.”

11. Storm Clouds
1. The decline in belief of man as divinely special. Darwin wasn’t an atheist until late in life, and he believed that evolutionary theory wasn’t necessarily in conflict with Christianity—many European churches believed that the Genesis story of creation wasn’t meant literally anyway. But as evolutionary theory and the scientific process became more hostile to traditional concepts of man as created by God and having a special identity, the picture of man as having a higher moral spirit is challenged.

12. Storm Clouds
2. The decline of belief in man as rational. Freud’s studies begin to suggest that people’s mental states are unreliable and subject to neuroses. Bergson writes on the perception of time as unstable and subjective. John Watson studies behaviorism, suggesting that people can be conditioned into different behaviors. Werner Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle (1928) argues that matter itself is unpredictable.