1. The Mention-Citation Sandwich Creating PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS
MLA Documentation
The Mention-Citation Sandwich Creating PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS
and
A Works Cited Page

2. Basic Document Format Double space everything
Last name and page number on right margin of header
Information at top of page one is standardized (your name, instructor name, class, date)
Title is centered
Works Cited page appears on separate page after the text is finished

3. Sample First Page

4. What is MLA? Modern Language Association Other documentation styles
Humanities
Most 4-year college classes will use
Other documentation styles
Chicago Style
APA
Used by Social Sciences
Most handbooks do cover APA
Many other specialized
Once you learn one, others easy to adapt
All include citations within the text (or endnotes or footnotes) and some type of bibliography

5. A Three-Pronged Attack
Mention
In the paper, you will introduce sources
Get used to phrases like, “According to….”
Citation
Parenthetical citations signal the end of source material
Works Cited Page
Your book/handbook provides models

6. Part 1: The Mention Come right out and say it!
Use the author’s full name and article or book title the first time.
Author’s last name thereafter.
Sample:
According to Models for Writers by Alfred Rosa and Paul Eschholz, “To describe is to create a verbal picture” (343).
Rosa and Eschholz go on to give an example written by Thomas Mann of a deli (343).

7. Part 2: The Citation Sample:
According to Models for Writers by Alfred Rosa and Paul Eschholz, “To describe is to create a verbal picture” (343).
Rosa and Eschholz go on to give an example written by Thomas Mann of a deli (343).
What goes inside the parentheses will vary by what source you have.
Print sources: Author’s last name and page number (Smith 25).
Electronic sources won’t have a page number: (Smith).
Anonymous articles or books: abbreviation of the title— “Time for a Change” would become (“Time” 27) or (“Time”).

8. The Citation refers the reader to the Works Cited page for more info.
That's why what goes in the parentheses is whatever comes first in the entry on the Works Cited list.

9. The Mention-Citation Sandwich
It is NOT ok to just have a citation at the end of a paragraph
Implies that only the last sentence came from the source
By starting with a mention and ending with a citation, you make it clear everything from point A to point B came from that same source
Examples….

10. The Mention-Citation Sandwich
Incorrect
The traditional Southern “lady” is the mistress of her husband’s plantation and a “symbol of lost virtue” in that the Southern men hadn’t been able to insure her safety during the Civil War A wife’s vocation was to enhance the comfort, social status, and masculinity of her husband” (Blackwelder 98).
Correct
In “Ladies, Belles, Working Women, and Civil Rights,” Julia Kirk Blackwelder offers a model of the traditional Southern “lady”: she is the mistress of her husband’s plantation and a “symbol of lost virtue” in that the Southern men hadn’t been able to insure her safety during the Civil War.... A wife’s vocation was to enhance the comfort, social status, and masculinity of her husband” (98).

11. Works Cited Page
Purpose: to give the reader the information necessary to find the source for him or herself.
Contains all bibliographic information such as author, title, source, dates, etc.
The information you will need includes:
Author, Title, Source, Date, Place/Publisher, Medium and sometimes more.

12. Works Cited Rules Alphabetized by author’s last name.
If no author, the title is used.
Double-spaced using “hanging indent.”
Comes at the end of your paper but is part of the same document.

13. Other Tidbits Capitalization of Titles Quotation Marks for Titles
Use initial capitalization even if the source you got it from does not! (Online sources are notorious for not following MLA rules.)
Quotation Marks for Titles
Magazine articles, songs, TV episodes, poems, stories, etc.
Italics for Titles
Books, CD’s, TV shows, movies,
journals, websites etc.

14. Creating Entries
All books & textbooks which cover how to cite sources do so by example
The LSCC Library has kindly provided a handout that gives samples based on our databases and other resources
Also examine the sections in our textbooks that give samples of Works Cited entries.
Use your handbook first!

15. Computer Help with Works Cited
When finished typing the paper itself, press Enter
Go to the INSERT menu and insert a PAGE BREAK
Center the phrase “Works Cited”
Press ENTER, return to the Left Margin, and turn on “Hanging Indent”
Use the Format/Paragraph Menu
Can also use the Ruler

16. Adding Source Material to Your Paper
Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summary

17. Quoting Word-for-word inclusion of information from a source.
Indicated as a quote with quotation marks.
When to use? When the original wording is particularly striking or important.
Avoid over-using quotes, especially long quotes that will have to be indented.

18. Paraphrasing More than just re-wording.
Cannot have the same sentence structure.
A statement wholly in your own words that captures information from a source.
Will not use quotation marks, but will still indicate that a source is involved—mention/citation sandwich!

19. Summarizing
Similar to paraphrase in that summary is in your own words and does not mimic the structure of the original in any way.
The difference is that summary boils something large into something smaller.
A whole book could be summarized in one paragraph.
A whole paragraph or essay might take up only one sentence.

20. Clarity is Key
How does your reader know what ideas are yours and what come from your sources?
By using the Mention-Citation Sandwich, you will always make it clear where you end and where your sources begin.
The following slide offers a sample from a research paper with the “source” areas inside the red mention-citations, and original material in blue.

21. One artist who has recently come under fire is Reggae performer Beenie Man. As Peter Bailey’s article “Beenie Man Feels the Heat” points out, “Beenie Man is … taking heat from gay activists for his violently homophobic lyrics” (Bailey). Even if music like Beenie Man’s doesn’t make kids commit violent acts, you do have to wonder how appropriate it is for kids. OutRage President Peter Tatchell says, “’We’re talking about someone who is saying you should burn gay people alive’” (Bailey). Clearly, such acts are not acceptable. Bailey goes on to discuss a criminal case currently pending against Beenie Man in England. There, it is illegal “to use threatening words to incite violence” (Bailey).

22. Now What? Your mission….. The payoff….
To successfully document sources in your Research Paper and any paper you ever write in which you get material from a source other than your brain
The payoff….
Your instructors will love you!
You will never inadvertently plagiarize again!
See your instructor or the Learning Center for extra help!
by Jacklyn R. Pierce
Original Content for Slides

23. Working on the Works Cited Page

24. Print Sources on the Works Cited Page

25. Citing A One Author Book
Author Last, First. Title. City: Publisher,
Date. Medium.
Freeman, Michael. Bloody Sundays: Inside the
Dazzling, Rough-and-Tumble World of the
NFL. New York: William Morrow, Print.

26. Citing A Two Author Book
Author Last, First and First Last. Title. City: Publisher, Date. Medium.
Freeman, Michael and Dan Jones. Bloody
Sundays: Inside the Dazzling, Rough-and-
Tumble World of the NFL. New York: William
Morrow, Print.

27. Citing A Three Author Book
Author Last, First, First Last, First Last. Title. City: Publisher, Date. Medium.
Freeman, Michael, James Smith and Dan Jones.
Bloody Sundays: Inside the Dazzling, Rough-
and- Tumble World of the NFL. New York:
William Morrow, Print.

28. Citing A Four or More Author Book
Author Last, First, et al. Title. City: Publisher, Date. Medium.
Freeman, Michael, et al. Bloody Sundays: Inside
the Dazzling, Rough-and- Tumble World of the
NFL. New York: William Morrow, Print.

29. Citing A One Editor Book
Author Last, First, ed. Title. City: Publisher, Date. Medium.
Freeman, Michael, ed. Bloody Sundays: Inside
the Dazzling, Rough-and-Tumble World of the
NFL. New York: William Morrow, Print.

30. Citing A Two Editor Book
Author Last, First and First Last, eds. Title. City: Publisher, Date. Medium.
Freeman, Michael and Dan Jones, eds. Bloody
Sundays: Inside the Dazzling, Rough-and-
Tumble World of the NFL. New York: William
Morrow, Print.

31. Citing A Three Editor Book
Author Last, First, First Last, First Last, eds. Title. City: Publisher, Date. Medium.
Freeman, Michael, James Smith and Dan Jones, eds.
Bloody Sundays: Inside the Dazzling, Rough-
and- Tumble World of the NFL. New York:
William Morrow, Print.

32. Citing A Four or More Editor Book
Author Last, First, et al., eds. Title. City: Publisher, Date. Medium.
Freeman, Michael, et al., eds. Bloody Sundays:
Inside the Dazzling, Rough-and- Tumble World of
the NFL. New York: William Morrow, Print.

33. Use the same format for naming authors and editors in books, articles, and websites, whenever the names are available.

34. Citing Articles with Author
Author Last, First. “Title of Article.” Periodical Date: Page(s). Medium.
Freeman, Michael. “Bloody Sundays: Inside the
Dazzling, Rough- and-Tumble World of the
NFL.” Sports Illustrated 20 Dec. 2005: 224+.
Print.

35. Citing Articles with No Author
“Title of Article.” Periodical
Date: Page(s). Medium.
“Bloody Sundays: Inside the Dazzling, Rough-
and-Tumble World of the NFL.” Sports
Illustrated 20 Dec. 2005: Print.

36. Citing Article Dates Weekly: 20 Dec. 2005: Monthly: Dec. 2005:
Bimonthly: Nov- Dec. 2005:
“Bloody Sundays: Inside the Dazzling, Rough-
and-Tumble World of the NFL.” Sports
Illustrated 20 Dec. 2005: Print.

37. Citing Articles with Volumes and Issues
“Title of Article.” Periodical Volume.Issue (Year): Page(s). Medium.
“Bloody Sundays: Inside the Dazzling, Rough-
and-Tumble World of the NFL.” Sports
Journal 22.3 (2005): Print.

38. Web Sources on the Works Cited Page

39. E-Book Author Last, First. Title. City: Publisher,
Date. Source. Medium. Retrieved
Date.
Freeman, Michael. Bloody Sundays: Inside the
Dazzling, Rough-and-Tumble World of the
NFL. New York: William Morrow, 2003.
NetLibrary. Web. 21 May 2009

40. Magazine from a Database
Author Last, First. “Title of Article.” Periodical Date: Page(s). Source. Medium. Retrieved Date.
Freeman, Michael. “Bloody Sundays: Inside the
Dazzling, Rough- and-Tumble World of the
NFL.” Sports Illustrated 20 Dec. 2005: 224+.
Academic Search Complete. Web. 21 May
2009.

41. Journal Article from a Database
Last, First. “Title of Article.” Periodical
Volume. Issue (Year): Page(s). Database.
Medium. Retrieved Date.
Freeman, Michael. “Bloody Sundays: Inside the
Dazzling, Rough- and-Tumble World of the
NFL.” Sports Journal 22.3 (2005): 224+.
Academic Search Complete. Web. 21 May

42. Citing Documents on Websites
“Title of Article.” Name of Website. Date
of Last Update. Medium.
Date Retrieved.
“Surveillance Under the USA Patriot Act.” American Civil Liberties Union. 3 Apr Web. 22 Apr
Include author’s or editor’s name before the title if one is available. Generally, common websites do not indicate an author.

43. For assistance from a librarian or tutor call:
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