1. Assessing Societal Costs and Benefits of Fisheries in Developing Countries: the ECOST project Pierre Failler, Haoran Pan, et al CEMARE, Department of Economics, University of Portsmouth, UK or Tel: +44 (0)
The precautionary principle of consilience of ecosystems and societies:
Development of an assessment method of the societal cost for best fishing practices and efficient public policies
SIXTH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME, INCO-DEV, PRIORITY A.2.2 Reconciling multiple demands on coastal zones

2. Major concerns
Food security issues: less and less fish for local population (prices going up)
Equity and poverty issues: concentration of financial assets in a few hands (mainly traders) without wealth redistribution
Overexploitation issues: export species overexploited and ecosystems dammaged

3. eCOST background and objectives
Johannesburg Plan of Implementation
Integrated ocean and coastal management
Fisheries
Conservation of biodiversity
Protection from marine pollution
Science and observation
Small island developing States
The project falls under
the logic of the decision of Johannesburg to restore the marine ecosystems for 2015 through the establishment, by 2012, of networks of protected areas and
the philosophy of the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF) for a responsible fishery

4. Its objectives include
1-Development of far-reaching research into the capacity of traditional models to take into account the reality of ecological, economic and social effects using purely theoretical considerations, the experience of past application, and a questioning of the notion of value.
2-The construction of an efficient model for societal cost. This model is based on the consilience between economics, sociology and ecology, and takes into account the variable nature of resources and marine environmental changes.
3-Comparison of the societal costs of fishing activities. Comparative work carried out on three levels: firstly, work on the ecosystem showing the repercussions of the use of distinct techniques and practices; secondly, comparison of the ecosystems themselves in order to highlight the responses made by the ecosystems to anthropic pressure; and thirdly, a comparison of ecosystems that have free or regulated access and the ecosystems found within marine protected areas.
4-Definition of options for public policy by the formulation of certain principles found within the framework of the CCRF for responsible fishing

5. 3 Eco-Regions and 9 Countries
AFRICA Coastal Upwelling Ecosystem - the Bolama and Bijagos marine protected area
Senegal
Guinea Bissau
Guinea Conakry
ASIA Great Delta Ecosytem - the Vo Doi marine protected area
Perl River (China)
Chao Phraya (Thailand)
Mekong (Vietnam)
Caribbean Coral Reef Ecosystem - the Parque Nacional des Este
Jamaica
Dominicana Republic
Trinidad and Tobago

6. The fisheries production, resource use, and income distribution
Aquatic Resource
Processing
Distribution
Consumption
Landing
Distribution
Consumption
Consumption
Fishing
Service
Employment
Population
Functional income distribution
Personal income distribution
Labor, capital incomes
Personal incomes

7. An economic model to assess economic costs and benefits of fisheries
Ecological changes
Benefits
Growth
Capital
Labour
Capital
Labour
Stock
CPUE table
Distribution
Processing
Production
Effort
Price
Price
Price
Use table
Revenue
Cost
Revenue
Cost
Revenue
Cost
Surplus
Surplus
Surplus
Service
Capital income
Labours’ income
Capital income
Labours’ income
Capital income
Labours’ income
Costs
Consumption
Social changes
Benefits

8. How to measure the societal costs in monetary value?
Social cost (depletion)
Social cost (disturbance)
Social system
Economic cost (correction)
Economic cost (operation)
Social benefit (consumption)
Economic cost (depletion)
Economic system
Social benefit (improvement)
Economic benefit (surplus)
Ecological cost (degradation)
Economic benefit (exploration)
Ecological system
Ecological benefit (restoration)
Ecological benefit (protection or management)

9. The indicator of economic costs and benefits
EI – indicator of economic costs and benefits of fisheries
N – total national population
Nfish – total fishery population
VAfish – fisheries sector’s total value-added
GDP – gross national products

10. The value-added of fisheries society
where cap, fbs, pro and mak represent sub-sectors of fisheries such as wild fish capture, fishery-related business service, processing and marketing, respectively.

11. The value-added of marine capture sector is
where m, s, t, and c indicate metiers, species, time, and intermediate costs, respectively.
CPUE -- a table of catch per unit of effort with two dimensions, metier by species
U -- a table of intermediate uses of commodities or services with two dimensions, commodity or service by metier
E -- a vector of the fishing efforts by species.
PLs,t -- a vector of the landing prices of fishes by species Pc,t -- a vector of the prices of intermediate commodities or services

12. The catch of fish, CAT, is
The biomass stock at present period depends on both the level and growth of the biomass stock, and also the catch at previous period
where BIOM and BG are the biomass stock and its growth rate, respectively.

13. The production or make table, CPUE, will change subject to the availability of biomass stock
where and are the CPUE table and biomass stock in a reference year, respectively.

14. The value-added of fish processing sector is
where
s2 -- the species processed
Q -- the quantity of processed fishes
X -- the activity of the processing sector
Ppro -- a vector of the prices of processed fishes.

15. The value-added of fish marketing sector is
where
s3 -- the species sold
Q -- the quantity of sold fish products
X -- the activity of the marketing sector
Pmak -- a vector of the selling prices of fish products

16. The value-added of fishery-related business services is
where
X -- the activity of the fishery-related business service sector
Pfbs -- a vector of the prices of processed fishes.

17. The indicator of social costs and benefits
Income distribution:
from functional to personal
Social indicators:
poverty, gender development, food security

18. Fishery society population by group
Fishing-depended groups by small-scale and industry-scale and by employee and employer
Processing-depended groups by small-scale and industry-scale and by employee and employer
Marketing-depended groups by small-scale and industry-scale and by employee and employer
Service-depended groups by small-scale and industry-scale and by employee and employer
Government – representing the national population

19. Fishery society employment by group
(1) Production
Small-scale fisher (male/female)
Industrial fishing worker (m/f)
Small-scale owner (m/f)
Industrial owner (m/f)
Foreign fleets - government
(3) Distribution
Small-scale dealer (m/f)
Retailer (m/f)
Export worker
Local wholesaler (m/f)
Exporter
(2) Processing
Small-scale fish-processing worker (m/f)
Industrial fish-processing worker (m/f)
Small-scale fish-processing owner (m/f)
Industrial fish-processing owner (m/f)
(4) Business service
Small-scale worker (m/f)
Industrial worker (m/f)
Small-scale owner (m/f)
Industrial owner (m/f)

20. From functional to personal income distribution
Small-scale fisheries group average income
N – population size of fishery community
L – labor force employed
Y – total income
AY – average income
ss – small-scale
sf – small-scale fisher
sd – small-scale dealer
sw – small-scale worker
Total income:
Average income per employment:
Average income per capita:

21. (2) Group average income for industrial fishers (workers)
ine –industrial fisheries employee
ifw – industrial fishing worker
ipw – industrial processing worker
rt – retailer
is – industrial service worker
m - metier
Total income:
Average income per fisherman across metier:
Average income per employment:
Average income per capita of fisherman group:

22. (3) Group average income for industrial fishers (owners)
inr – industrial fisheries employer
ik – industrial skipper
ipc – industrial owner (processing)
lw – local wholesaler
ex – exporter
isc – industrial service owner
Total income:
Average income per skipper:
Average income per employer:
Per capita income of fisheries employer group:

23. (4) Government income from foreign fleet
PG – the price of access rights
QF – the quantity of fishes harvested by foreign fleets
Total government revenue from foreign fleets:
Per capita government revenue from foreign fleets:

24. Sen’s comprehensive measure of poverty (1976)
S – Sen poverty index
H – the poverty headcount ratio
I – the average income shortfall of the poor in percentage terms
G – Gini coefficient of inequality

25. FGT comprehensive measure of poverty (1984)
– P-alpha poverty index
AY – poverty line
i – ith group
n – number of groups
for all

26. Fish consumption index for food security
F – fish consumption index
FC – average fish consumption of each fishery group in KG
i – ith group
50 – 50 KG consumption of fish
C – constant
– average price of fish

27. Gender development index
W – gender development index
Yw – total income of women in each group
Ym – total income of men in each group
i – ith group

28. Combined measure of social indices
SI – combined social indices

29. The indicator of ecological costs and benefits
ELI -- indicator of ecological costs and benefits of fisheries
w -- weights of each species,

30. The indicator of societal costs and benefits
where

31. Empirical case studies
Apply to nine fishery regions in developing countries
Compare results on current stage of fisheries in each region
Policy simulation for future practice
Data requirements
A regional SAM with fisheries details
Some time-series data on production and consumtion, and value