1. B – The Cardiovascular System
The structure and function of arteries, capillaries and veins
The structure and function of the heart
Pathology of cardio vascular disease (CVD)
Blood glucose levels and obesity

2. KA 7: Pathology of cardio vascular disease (CVD)
Subtopics:
Atherosclerosis
Thrombosis
Peripheral vascular disorders
Cholesterol levels and FH
This used to be in a spider diagram format!

3. KA 7b: Learning Outcomes
Define the following terms:
Thrombus
Thrombosis
Embolus
Describe the role of clotting elements in the formation of scar tissue, using the following terms:
Prothrombin
Thrombin
Fibrinogen
Fibrin
State how a stroke or heart attack can occur

4. The endothelium lining Build up of fatty material
Plaque /
Atheroma /
Build up of fatty material
How strong do you think the endothelium lining is?
What do you think will happen if the atheroma continues to accumulate?
It will RUPTURE!

5. Normal blood clotting in the body
Protective
Normally occurs to prevent blood loss at a wound
The presence of damaged cells leads to a release of clotting factors
These clotting factors trigger several reactions (see next slide) which eventually cause the blood to clot
Wound is sealed and a scaffold upon which scar tissue can be formed

6. Normal blood clotting in the body
Clotting factors activate prothrombin (which is always present in the blood) into its active form called thrombin
Thrombin promotes the conversion of fibrinogen (a soluble plasma protein) into threads of fibrin.
Fibrin threads are interwoven to allow platelets to adhere, forming a blood clot (thrombus).
Prothrombin
(inactive enzyme)
Clotting factors
(vit K)
Thrombin
(active enzyme)
Fibrin
(insoluble)
Fibrinogen
(soluble)

8. Thrombosis Atheromas may rupture damaging the e______.
The damage releases c______ f______ that activate a cascade of reactions resulting in the conversion of the enzyme p______ to its active form t______.
T______ then causes molecules of the plasma protein fibrinogen to form threads of f______.
The f______ threads form a meshwork that clots the blood, seals the wound and provides a scaffold for the formation of s______ tissue.
The formation of a clot (t______) is referred to as thrombosis.
In some cases a thrombus may break loose forming an e______ and travel through the bloodstream until it b______ a narrower blood vessel.

9. Thrombosis Atheromas may rupture, damaging the endothelium.
The damage releases clotting factors that activate a cascade of reactions resulting in the conversion of the enzyme prothrombin to its active form thrombin.
Thrombin then causes molecules of the plasma protein fibrinogen to form threads of fibrin.
The fibrin threads form a meshwork that clots the blood, seals the wound and provides a scaffold for the formation of scar tissue.
The formation of a clot (thrombus) is referred to as thrombosis.
In some cases a thrombus may break loose forming an embolus and travel through the bloodstream until it blocks a narrower blood vessel.

12. Thrombosis
A thrombosis in a coronary artery may lead to a heart attack (MI or myocardial infarction).
A thrombosis in an artery in the brain may lead to a stroke.
Cells are deprived of oxygen, which leads to the death of the tissues.

13. Re-cap videos
(what is thrombosis and how can you treat it?)
(the beast within – what is a heart attack?)
(surgical solutions: Angioplasty & Stenting)

14. KA 7b: Learning Outcomes
Define the following terms:
Thrombus
Thrombosis
Embolus
Describe the role of clotting elements in the formation of scar tissue, using the following terms:
Prothrombin
Thrombin
Fibrinogen
Fibrin
State how a stroke or heart attack can occur